CAN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION GUARANTEE INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN INDIA? REIMAGINING EDTECH FOR VIKSIT BHARAT@2047
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i11s.2026.8286Keywords:
Education Technology, Inclusive Growth, Digital Divide, Rural Education, India, Edtech, Digital Inclusion, Viksit Bharat@2047Abstract [English]
Education Technology (EdTech) has emerged as a transformative instrument for advancing digital empowerment, educational inclusion, and inclusive growth in India, particularly in the post-pandemic era. The rapid expansion of online learning platforms, artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled educational tools, mobile-based learning applications, and virtual classrooms has significantly reshaped the country’s educational ecosystem. Despite these advancements, deep structural inequalities continue to widen the urban–rural learning divide, limiting equitable access to quality education and digital opportunities. Against the broader developmental vision of Viksit Bharat@2047, this paper critically examines how EdTech can serve as a pathway for bridging educational disparities and fostering inclusive socioeconomictransformation in India. Drawing upon secondary data, policy documents, government reports, and existing scholarly literature, the study analyses the key barriers affecting rural educational inclusion, including inadequate digital infrastructure, affordability constraints, low digital literacy, gender disparities, linguistic exclusion, and socioeconomicinequalities. The paper further evaluates major government initiatives such as Digital India, PM eVIDYA, SWAYAM, DIKSHA, and BharatNet, alongside the growing role of private EdTech enterprises, start-ups, and civil society organizations in expanding access to digital education. The study argues that EdTech can become a powerful driver of digital empowerment and inclusive growth only when technological innovation is complemented by equitable policy interventions, localized learning content, teacher capacity-building, affordable internet connectivity, and community-centred digital ecosystems. The paper concludes by proposing policy recommendations for strengthening India’s digital education architecture to ensure that the benefits of technological transformation reach marginalized and rural populations, thereby contributing to educational justice, human capital development, and the realization of Viksit Bharat@2047.
References
Ahamed, B., Rashed, M., Falahat, M., Karim, R., & Tabash, M. I. (2026). Cybersecurity knowledge, social networking, and awareness among Gen Z university students. Discover Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-01084-3
Ahiaku, P.K.A., Uleanya, C. & Muyambi, G.C. (2025). Rural schools and tech use for sustainability: the challenge of disconnection. Education and Information Technologies, 30, 12557–12571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13311-9
Ahsanullah, M. (2025). The Role of Education in Economic Development for Semi - Urban Cities. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 9(1):1391-1402.
Alhassan, A. M., Solheim, K., Mellemsether, B., & Hall Christensen, M. (2025). Teachers’ perspectives on supporting special needs in inclusive high schools. Educational Research, 67(4), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2025.2557641
Aneesh M.R., Maya K., and Aneesh K.A. (2024). Education Inequality in India: An Empirical Analysis Using National Sample Survey Data. Indian Journal of Human Development, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/09737030241280145
Anon, I., Thadikaran, G. B., & Chellaswamy, K. P. (2022). Bridging Digital Divide in India : Positive Outlook Amid COVID-19. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(6), 46. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i6/170026
Bag, P., & Mitra, D. P. (2025). Gender Perspectives on Digital Education: A Comparative Analysis. The Social Science Review a Multidisciplinary Journal, March-April, 2025. Vol. 3(Issue 2), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.70096/tssr.250302031
Balasundaram, E., A., G., A. S., K., Raj, D. S., & A., K. S. (2026). Digital Divide and Gender Disparities in Educational Technology Access Among Rural Tamil Nadu Households: A Multi-theoretical Analysis. International Journal of Rural Management, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052261420528
Banerjee, A. (2020). Technology and economic mobility in rural and semi-urban India. MIT Press.
Banerjee, S., Reddy, A. B., & Vaidehi, R. (2021). Explaining caste-based digital divide in India. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2106.15917
BBC. (2020, July 22). India coronavirus: Online classes expose extent of digital divide. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53471749
Bhatia, K. V., Arora, P., & Gupta, S. (2025). Edtech platforms from below: a family ethnography of marginalized communities and their digital learning post-pandemic. Learning, Media and Technology, 50(4), 482–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2024.2328693
Buabeng, I., & Amo-Darko, B. (2024). Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Equitable Access to Quality Education for Marginalized Communities in Ghana. American Journal of Educational Research, 12(11), 427–438. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-12-11-3
Chakraborty, S. (2025). The Rise of EdTech Startups in India: Growth, Challenges, and Future Prospects in Post-Pandemic Education. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 11(2), 5-16.
Chakravarty, D. & Tyagi, A. (2025, August 26). Internet Connectivity in Northeast India: Gaps, Gains and Future Growth. Observer Research Foundation (ORF). https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/internet-connectivity-in-northeast-india-gaps-gains-and-future-growth
Chatterjee, A., Chakrabarti, A. S., Ghosh, A., Chakraborti, A., & Nandi, T. K. (2015). Invariant features of spatial inequality in consumption: The case of India. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1507.04236
Chaudhary, S. & Kumar, S. (2026). NEP 2020: A Transformative Step Toward Equity and Inclusion in Education. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 14(1), 1147-1155.
Chayashree, K. (2026). Intersecting Identities and Poverty in India: Caste, Gender, and Regional Disparities. International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.26821/IJSRC.14.1.2026.140101
Chen, Y., Li, X., & Wang, H. (2022). Human capital, technological innovation, and regional economic growth: Evidence from China. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121225.
Claude, D. & Charlotte, L.C. (2019). Human Capital and Economic Growth. In: Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_605-1
Crocker, D. A., & Robeyns, I. (2009). Capability and Agency. In C. W. Morris (Ed.), Amartya Sen (pp. 60–90). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Das, S. (2023). Inequality in educational attainment: Urban–rural comparison in the Indian context. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.16238
Debbarma, M. (2025). Linguistic Diversity and National Integration in India: Challenges, Policies and Pathways to Inclusivity. Journal of Asian and African Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096251400655
Deroncele-Acosta, A., & Ellis, A. (2024). Overcoming Challenges and Promoting Positive Education in Inclusive Schools: A Multi-Country Study. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1169. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111169
Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of educational technology systems, 49(1), 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018
Doloi, H. K. (2025). Digital inclusion for rural growth: Internet usage and socioeconomicdevelopment in Assam. Journal of Infrastructure Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/10185291251343357
Ebom-Jebose, A. (2025). Enhancing Digital Skills Education for Sustainable Development and Unemployment Reduction in the Digital Economy. European Journal of Innovative Studies and Sustainability, 1(1), 24-30. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejiss.2025.1(1).04
Eide, E. R., & Showalter, M. H. (2010). Human Capital. International Encyclopedia of Education, 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-044894-7.01213-6
ET Education. (2026, January 16). The multilingual AI gap: How language barriers are undermining India’s edtech revolution. The Economic Times. https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/the-multilingual-ai-gap-how-language-barriers-are-undermining-indias-edtech-revolution/126559256
Francis, D. V., & Weller, C. E. (2021). Economic Inequality, the Digital Divide, and Remote Learning During COVID-19. The Review of Black Political Economy, 49(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/00346446211017797
Global Girls Glow. (2026). Bridging the Digital Divide: Girls’ Lack of Access to Technology in India. Global G.L.O.W. https://globalgirlsglow.org/bridging-the-digital-divide-girls-lack-of-access-to-technology-in-india/
Gope, D. & Baidya, M. (2026). Regional Perspectives on educational inequality in India: Progress and challenges. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR), 13(3).
Gopika, J. S. & Rekha, R. V. (2023). Awareness and Use of Digital Learning Before and During COVID-19. International Journal of Educational Reform, 34(4), 754-766. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879231173389
Goswami, M. P., Thanvi, J., & Padhi, S. R. (2021). Impact of Online Learning in India: A Survey of University Students During the COVID-19 Crisis. Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research, 9(4), 331–351. https://doi.org/10.15206/ajpor.2021.9.4.331
Government of India. (2020). National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. Ministry of Education, Government of India.
Graves, J. M., Abshire, D. A., Amiri, S., & Mackelprang, J. L. (2021). Disparities in Technology and Broadband Internet Access across Rurality. Family & Community Health, 44(4), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1097/fch.0000000000000306
IBEF. (2025). India’s Edtech Surge: Opportunities in Online Education and Training. India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF). https://www.ibef.org/blogs/india-s-edtech-surge-opportunities-in-online-education-and-training
IDSN. (2025, July 7). UN report on intersectionality calls for action on caste and gender justice - International Dalit Solidarity Network. International Dalit Solidarity Network. https://idsn.org/un-report-on-intersectionality-calls-for-action-on-caste-and-gender-justice/
Imran, M., Almusharraf, N., & Abbasova, M. Y. (2024). Digital learning transformation: A study of teachers’ post-Covid-19 experiences. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 11, 101228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101228
India Education Forum. (2024, August 29). Personalizing Learning Experiences with Generative AI in Education. https://www.indiaeducationforum.org/blog/fostering-inclusive-growth-through-accessible-education.html
Jafar, K., Ananthpur, K., & Venkatachalam, L. (2023). Digital divide and access to online education: new evidence from Tamil Nadu, India. Journal of social and economic development, 1–21. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-023-00236-1
Jain, B. (2025). PM e-Vidya: Digital Education for Inclusive Learning 2020. Impact and Policy Research Institute (IMPRI). https://www.impriindia.com/insights/pm-e-vidya-digital-education-for-2020/
Kalra, S. (2020, May 4). Lack of regional language content, infrastructure: Online education double trouble for hinterlands. The Indian Express.
Kamal, U., & Roluahpuia. (2025). Educational Inequality and Household Dynamics in India: Exploring the Role of Caste Capital. Journal of South Asian Development, 20(1), 117-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/09731741241291689
KPMG. (2017). Indian Languages - Defining India’s Internet. https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/in/pdf/2017/04/Indian-languages-Defining-Indias-Internet.pdf
Kumar, G. & Kumar, J. (2025). Intersectionality in Education: How Caste, Class, and Gender Shape Educational Outcomes in India under the SDGs. Anusandhan Pravah, 2(1), 33-45.
Leoni, S. (2025). A Historical Review of the Role of Education: From Human Capital to Human Capabilities. Review of Political Economy, 37(1), 227–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2023.2245233
Li, J., Xue, E., Wei, Y., & He, Y. (2024). How popularising higher education affects economic growth and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from 38 countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1–11. SpringerNature. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03013-5
Manchanda, P. (2024). India’s Gendered Digital Divide. In: The Palgrave Handbook of Global Social Problems. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68127-2_486-1
MarketsandMarkets. (2026, March 3). India EdTech Market Size, Share & Growth Forecast to 2030. Marketsandmarkets.com. https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/blog/ICT/India-EdTech-Market
Mhlongo, S., Mbatha, K., Ramatsetse, B., & Dlamini, R. (2023). Challenges, opportunities, and prospects of adopting and using smart digital technologies in learning environments: An iterative review. Heliyon, 9(6), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16348
Ministry of Social Welfare. (2017). PM e-Vidya: Empowering Every Learner, Everywhere. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Available at: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=157761&ModuleId=3®=3&lang=2
Mustafa, F., Thi, H., & Gao, X. (Andy). (2024). The challenges and solutions of technology integration in rural schools: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Research, 126, 102380–102380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102380
Nayak, S. K., Thorat, S. B., & Kalyankar, N. V. (2010). Reaching the unreached: A role of ICT in sustainable rural development. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1002.2134
NCERT. (2020). National Education Policy, 2020: Equitable and Inclusion: Learning for All Equitable and Inclusion—Learning for All) Background Paper For Teacher’s Fest). https://www.education.gov.in/shikshakparv/docs/Inclusive_Education.pdf
NITI Aayog. (2026). School Education System in India: Temporal Analysis and Policy Roadmap for Quality Enhancement. Available at: https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2026-05/School-Education-System-in-India.pdf
OECD. (2023). Equity and Inclusion in Education: Finding Strength through Diversity. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/e9072e21-en.
OECD. (2024, July 11). Shaping Digital Education. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/shaping-digital-education_bac4dc9f-en.html
Oltulular, S. (2025). Human Capital Dynamics Are the Key to Economic Growth: Source of Value of the Future. Economies, 13(8), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13080235
Pachori, R., Devarakonda, R. V., & Kumar, R. (2026). From crisis to transformation: Evaluating the implementation of DIKSHA in India’s EdTech landscape. British Journal of Educational Technology, 57, 822–843. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.70042
Pal, A., Kumar, P. D., & Kumar, P. (2026). Education for Viksit Bharat @2047: Transformation reforms and emerging challenges of shadow education. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 14(3), 58–63. http://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2603367.pdf
Panda, A. R. & Panda, S. R. (2026). Digital Learning and Marginalized Communities in India: Access Without Inclusion? International Journal of Social Impact, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.25215/2455/1101017
Pradhan, C., & Naik, S. (2024). Inclusive Education: A Foundation for Equality and Empowerment at the Elementary Stage. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Arts, Science and Technology (IJMRAST), 2(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.61778/ijmrast.v2i2.36
Press Information Bureau. (2026). PM e-Vidya. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?PRID=2237471®=6&lang=1
PwCPL. (2021). Reimagining learning with technology Building sustainable EdTech businesses in India. PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited (PwCPL). https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/industries/education/reimagining-the-role-of-technology-in-education.pdf
Qiu, X. (2026). Digital inclusion and urban-rural integration. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04657-3
Qureshi, S., Malkani, R., Rose, R. (2020). Achieving Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education for All. In: Papa, R. (eds) Handbook on Promoting Social Justice in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14625-2_129
Raihan, M. M. H., Subroto, S., Chowdhury, N., Koch, K., Ruttan, E., & Turin, T. C. (2024). Dimensions and barriers for digital (in)equity and digital divide: a systematic integrative review. Digital Transformation and Society, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1108/dts-04-2024-0054
Reddy, P. S., Reddy, M. R., Archana, G., & Radhika, C. V. (2026). Bridging the Gap: An Empirical Analysis of Education, Economic Outcomes, and Social Inclusion among Minority Communities in India. Journal of Marketing & Social Research, 3(4), 34-48. https://doi.org/10.61336/jmsr/26-04-04
Rehman, M., Dar, M.A. & Rasool, I. (2025). AI literacy at higher education and India’s vision Viksit Bharat 2047: a systematic review. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5(294). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00348-z
Riddlesden, D., & Singleton, A. D. (2014). Broadband speed equity: A new digital divide? Applied Geography, 52, 25–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.008
Salemink, K., Strijker, D., & Bosworth, G. (2017). Rural development in the digital age: A systematic literature review on unequal ICT availability, adoption, and use in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies, 54, 360–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.018
Sambodhi. (2025, August 10). Bridging the Digital Divide in Rural India. https://sambodhi.co.in/bridging-the-digital-divide-in-rural-india/
Sampark Foundation. (2026, January 13). Future of Digital Learning in Rural India. Sampark Foundation.https://samparkfoundation.org/2026/01/13/future-of-digital-learning-in-rural-india/
Samy, D.P.A. (2026). Digital literacy and post truth challenges in the rural academic ecosystem of Tamil Nadu. Discover Education, 5(13). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-01073-6
Schultz, T. W. (1961). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review, 51(1), 1–17.
Sebaggala, R., D’Espallier, B., & Mersland, R. (2025). The Application of Sen’s Capability Approach in Disability Research: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2025.2596346
Serrao, M., Sequeira, A., & Varambally, K. V. M. (2021). Impact of financial inclusion on the socioeconomic status of rural and urban households of vulnerable sections in Karnataka. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.11716
Sheikh, T. & Nath, K. (2026). Transformation of education through digitalization in India to achieve SDGs a mixed-methods analysis of its impact on access, quality, and inclusivity. Discover Education, 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-026-01242-1
Sindakis, S., & Showkat, G. (2024). The digital revolution in India: bridging the gap in rural technology adoption. Journal of Innovative Entrepreneurship, 13(29). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-024-00380-w
Singh, A., & Kumar, P. (2018). The digital divide in India: Use and non-use of ICT by rural and urban students. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 15(2), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/WJSTSD-07-2017-0005
Singh, B., & Kumar, M. (2022). The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on E-Learning in India. Intellectual Quest, 17, 106-117.
Sorto-Bueso, J. R., Paredes Heller, J. J., & Villela Morales, R. H. (2026). Spending on Education, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Central America: A Panel Data Analysis with Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors. Economies, 14(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies14010028
Tahmasebi, F. (2023). The Digital Divide: A Qualitative Study of Technology Access in Rural Communities. AI and Tech in Behavioral and Social Sciences, 1(2), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.aitech.1.2.6
Takher, S. (2024). Educational disparities in India’s union territories: Infrastructure, literacy and policy needs. Asian Journal of Current Research, 9(4), 130–138.
Thekkumbad, D. (2025, June 9). Digital Dreams, Divided Realities: Navigating Educational Access in India. Observer Research Foundation (ORF). https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/digital-dreams-divided-realities-navigating-educational-access-in-india
Thomas, S. (2025). One Nation, Many Disconnects: Mapping India’s Home Internet Gaps. Centre for Economic Data and Analysis (CEDA), Ashoka University. Published on ceda.ashoka.edu.in
Todino, M. D. (2025). Educational Technologies. Encyclopedia, 5(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010023
Tulsyan, A. (2026, April 13). Students, Screens, and Human Capital Formation in India. Observer Research Foundation (ORF). https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/students-screens-and-human-capital-formation-in-india
UNDP. (2025). Inclusive Growth. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). https://www.undp.org/pacific/our-focus/inclusive-growth
UNESCO (1994). The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education. Paris: UNESCO.
UNESCO. (2023). Global Education Monitoring Report, 2023: Technology in Education: A Tool on Whose Terms? https://doi.org/10.54676/uzqv8501
UNESCO. (2024). 7 ways countries are transforming education. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/7-ways-countries-are-transforming-education
UNESCO. (2026). State of the education report for India 2025, Bhasha matters: mother tongue and multilingual education. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000397158.locale=en
UNICEF. (2024, May 29). Bridging the digital divide in South Asia | UNICEF South Asia. www.unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/rosa/blog/bridging-digital-divide-south-asia
UNICEF. (2025). Inclusive Education. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). https://www.unicef.org/education/inclusive-education
Upadhyay, S. (2024). Educational landscape of India: Unravelling gender and regional disparities for sustainable development. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education and Learning. https://doi.org/10.20319/ictel.2024.107108
Verma, V. & Verma, R. (2022). The Transition from Traditional to Digital Teaching-Learning due to COVID-19: A Comparative Study. Indian Journal of Educational Technology, 4(1), 1-10. Available at: https://journals.ncert.gov.in/IJET/article/view/347/109.
World Bank. (2016). Human Capital and Economic Growth. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/344881530863186365/pdf/Human-capital-literature-review.pdf
World Bank. (2025). Education & Skills. World Bank Group. www.worldbank.org. https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/education
World Bank. (2025, March 31). Inclusive Education. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/inclusive-education
World Bank. (2026). Education & Skills. World Bank Group. Washington, DC, USA. https://www.worldbank.org/ext/en/topic/education
World Bank. (2026, January 24). International Education Day. World Bank Group. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/education-day
Yadav, V., & Sharma, R. (2025). Rural–urban digital divide: Evidence from Indian states. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 31(2), 2912–2932. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.70045
Zhao, H. (2024, October 16). Distributional Effects of Faster Internet in India. Economicsthatreallymatters. https://www.econthatmatters.com/2024/10/distributional-effects-of-faster-internet-in-india/
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Swaraj Dash, Bibha Rani Nath, Dr. Blessy Paul C

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
With the licence CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download, reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work must be properly attributed to its author.
It is not necessary to ask for further permission from the author or journal board.
This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge.






















