INFLUENCE OF VISUALIZATION-BASED ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS ON STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES IN ONLINE PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Wei qi  Cheng; Ooi Boon  Keat; Norhisham Binti  Mohamad

doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i5s.2026.7663

Authors

Wei qi Cheng Management and Science University, Malaysia
Ooi Boon Keat Management and Science University, Malaysia
Norhisham Binti Mohamad Management and Science University, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v7.i5s.2026.7663

Keywords:

Digital Learning, Higher Education, Visualization-Based Learning, Online Learning Environment, Structural Equation Modelling, Student Learning Outcomes

Abstract [English]

The rapid expansion of digital technologies has significantly increased the use of online learning in higher education, including in physical education courses. However, the effectiveness of online physical education largely depends on the quality of the online learning environment that supports teaching and learning activities. This study examines the influence of visualization-based online learning environments on student learning outcomes in online physical education.

A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed. Data were collected from undergraduate students who had participated in online physical education courses at two Double First-Class universities in China. A total of 680 questionnaires were distributed, and 614 valid responses were retained after data screening. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the relationship between the online learning environment and student learning outcomes.

The results indicate that the online learning environment has a significant positive effect on student learning outcomes (β = 0.323, p < 0.001). The measurement model demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity, and the structural model showed a good overall fit. The findings suggest that stable digital platforms, reliable network conditions, and accessible online course tools play an important role in supporting effective learning in online physical education.

These results highlight the importance of improving digital learning environments to enhance students’ learning experiences and learning outcomes in online physical education contexts.

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