|
|
|
|
TWO STAGE ON OFF KEYING CLASS A RF POWER AMPLIFIER IN 0.18μm CMOS TECHNOLOGYDr. P.M. Senadeera *1
|
|
|
|
Article Type: Research Article
Article Citation: Dr. P.M. Senadeera,
Dr. Zhijian Xie, and Dr. Numan S. Dogan. (2020). TWO STAGE ON OFF KEYING CLASS A RF
POWER AMPLIFIER IN 0.18μm CMOS TECHNOLOGY. International Journal of
Research -GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(11), 15-21. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i11.2020.2067
Received Date: 14 October 2020
Accepted Date: 20 November 2020
Keywords:
Power Amplifier
CMOS
RFID
OOK modulator
ABSTRACT
A novel architecture for the On Off Keying (OOK) modulator with high gain and high data rate power amplifier (PA) operating at 11.6 GHz IBM 0.18-µm RF CMOS technology is presented for a X-band passive RFID tag. Currently used low frequency switching techniques such as multiplexers were not functioning in the high frequency X-band architectures. In this novel approach OOK modulator with power amplifier, a CMOS switch was used to transmit ‘1’ and ‘0’ coming from the digital signal unlike in the existing low frequency architectures. Both the load and driver in this proposed PA were class A operation supplied by a single ended 1.83V source. The important design considerations include output power, 1 dB compression point and linearity. The fabricated results of the amplifier have a 1 dB compression point of 1.2 dBm and input power of 5.19 dBm at 9.2 GHz.
1. INTRODUCTION
Currently used low
frequency switching techniques such as multiplexers were not functioning in
high frequency X-band architectures. Therefore, high efficient X-band Power Amplifier (PA) was designed for the novel
passive RFID tag. The bits were transmitted using OOK.
PA was a two-stage amplifier with
both
driver and output stages have class A operation.
The basic CMOS class A PA was shown in Fig.1. The transistor (M1) was connected
with large inductor (L1) which acted as an ideal current source. Capacitors
were used to block DC and pass AC (Vin).
It was designed to resonate at the X-band frequency (11.6 GHz). The power amplifier was used to drive the 50Ω antenna. In this
novel approach
On Off keying (OOK) modulator with power
amplifier
was used to transmit the bits [1]. The CMOS
switch was used to transmit ‘1’ and ‘0’ of the digital signal unlike in the existing architectures. Special consideration was made to minimize the delay between low to high and high to low switching
of the PA to increase the high data rate operating at the X-band frequency.
Figure 1: Class A power Amplifier
In this circuit (Figure
1.) a single MOS transistor was used and loaded with RF choke
[2], [3]. The widths of M1 and M3 were computed from CMOS saturation drain current equation [4]. The inductors were designed to have a large
enough inductance to pass through a fairly constant current. The
driver
stage was designed
because the single PA cannot reach the requirements of
high gain and
high data rate.
A single CMOS transistor was used and loaded with a
RF
choke, which acted like an ideal current source. Constant gm bias generator circuit was used to generate the
bias voltages of the first and second stages of the power
amplifier. The isolation of AC to DC of each stage of the power
amplifier was carried out through resistors. During the charging cycle the PA will go
into standby mode with the rest of the system.
Constant bias voltages for the PA were provided by the constant gm
bias circuit. The PA was changed to active mode when the enable signal of the
mode selector was high. The block diagram of the RFID tag was shown in
Figure 2.
Figure 2:
Block
diagram of the RFID tag
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The proposed X-band
two stage class A PA circuit is shown in Figure 3. In the proposed
passive RFID tag design, the PA
amplifies the signal received from the LC oscillator and
matches the load to a 50Ω antenna. The 11.6 GHz sinusoidal
signal from the injection lock LC oscillator was fed into the gate of the lower transistor.
The pulsed digital
data was fed into the gate of the other transistor. The modulation depends on both the bias condition of the two gates and the device dimensions.
The OOK modulation happens when the device operates in the saturation or in the
cut-off region when there is ‘1’ or ‘0’ coming from the digital data [5], [6], [7], [8].The top transistors (M2 & M4) act as switches and are turned on the high state of the digital data and remains off at the low state, resemble
the OOK modulation scheme.
PA
transistor sizes
are given in Table 1.
Figure 3: Proposed X-band two
stage class A PA circuit
Table 1: X- band PA Transistor sizes
|
Transistor Name |
Sizes (𝜇m) |
|
M1 |
50/0.18 |
|
M2 |
30/0.18 |
|
M3 |
60/0.18 |
|
M4 |
90/0.18 |
|
L1 |
1.323nH |
|
L2 |
1.621nH |
|
L3 |
411pH |
|
L4 |
1.303nH |
|
L5 |
1.284nH |
|
C1 |
200fF |
|
C2 |
200fF |
|
C3 |
10.3fF |
|
C4 |
120fF |
|
C5 |
400fF |
|
R1 |
10KΩ |
|
R2 |
5KΩ |
Transistor sizes
have been optimized to obtain the maximum RF_out voltage from the power
amplifier. More RF_out voltage improves the voltage gain of the power
amplifier. When the transistor sizes were optimized, consideration was made
that the power amplifier frequency was still at the X-band frequency, and the
delay between RF_out and SR signal was minimum. Less delay between the RF_out
and SR signal improves the switching of the power amplifier. The delay between
RF_out and SR signal is important for the On-off_keying amplitude modulation
(Figure 4.) performance of the power amplifier.
2.1. DRIVER STAGE
A driver stage was
designed because the amplifier cannot reach the requirements for its operation.
The input impedance of the proposed PA is calculated and consequently matched
closed to 50Ω. The block diagram of the PA with driver stage is given in
Figure 5.
2.2. OUTPUT POWER
The output power (Pout)
is the active power delivered in the load antenna at the fundamental frequency,
Vout(max) as the sinusoidal amplitude (A) of the signal at the
fundamental frequency and Vout(rms) as the corresponding rms value.
The power generated at the fundamental frequency is called Pout.
Pout = A2/2RL = V2out,max/2RL
= V2out,rms/RL
(1)
Figure 4: Power
amplifier on-off keying transisent response
Figure 5: Power
amplifier with the driver stage
2.3. GAIN AND EFFICIENCY
Gain (G) of the PA can be defined as the ratio of the
output power (Pout) and the input power (Pin) which is
expressed in dB.
Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of the PA is defined as
GdB =
10log10(Pout/Pin)
(2)
PAE = (Pout
– Pin)/Pdc,tot
(3)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The RF signal was
generated by Agilent 8341A vector signal generator. RF signal was connected to
PA is shown in Figure 6. The output of the PA was connected to Agilent E4440A
spectrum analyzer. X- band PA probe setup is shown in Figure 6. When the
modulation was “on” and “off” the output spectrums of the PA are shown in Figure
7 and Figure 8.
Figure 6: Microphotograph of the X-band
PA test structure
When the modulation
of the PA was “on” the output power magnitude at 11.58GHz is -29.21dBm (Figure 7).
Similarly, when the modulation of the PA was “off” the output power magnitude
is -60.46dBm (Fig.8). This magnitude was
shown in Spectrum Analyzer after 20dBm attenuator and a 6.41dBm cable loss.
The test condition
for the X band PA for output power vs frequency is given in Fig.7 & Fig.8
(vdd = 1.83 V, current = 9mA, vbias_pa_1 = 0.84 V, vbias_pa_2 = 0.82 V, input
power = -1 dBm)
|
|
|
|
Figure 7: X-band PA output power spectrum when the modulator is on |
Figure 8: X-band PA output power spectrum when
the modulator is off |
The test condition
for the X band PA for output power vs frequency is given below. (vdd = 1.83 V,
current = 9mA, vbias_pa_1 = 0.84 V, vbias_pa_2 = 0.82 V, input power = -1 dBm)
|
|
|
|
Figure 9: X-Band PA output vs. frequency |
Figure 10: X-Band output
power vs. bias voltage of the PA |
The output power
reached the maximum value of 5.19dBm at 9.4GHz frequency as shown in Fig.9. In addition,
the output power of the PA reached the maximum value when the bias voltage was
about 0.82 V(Fig.10). The bias voltages were swept to check whether it agreed
with simulation results. The correct bias voltages were required for the PA to
function at its optimum efficiency and to provide the maximum output power.
4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Currently used low frequency switching techniques such as multiplexers were not functioning in high frequency X-band architectures. Therefore high efficient X-band Power Amplifier (PA) was designed for the novel passive RFID tag. The fully integrated X-band PA with OOK modulator was developed, fabricated and implemented in IBM 0.18μm RF CMOS technology. The design of the PA relied heavily on hand computations for biasing and parametric analysis to ensure the optimum values for the matching network. The fundamental frequency of the PA can be increased to the desired frequency by using the Cadence spectre post layout simulation.
SOURCES OF FUNDING
This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author have declared that no competing interests exist.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was funded by
National Science Foundation. The ICs were fabricated by MOSIS.
REFERENCES
[4]
B.
Razavi and R. Microelectronics, "Vol. 1," ed: Prentice Hall, New
Jersey, 1998.
|
|
This work is licensed under a: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
© Granthaalayah 2014-2020. All Rights Reserved.