REFINERY OF CITRONELLA OIL USING VACUUM HYDRODISTILATION METHOD IN ACEH UTARA DISTRICT

 

Syafruddin ¹, Reza Fauzan ¹, Zulfan Khairil Simbolon ², Rizal Syahyadi ³, Atiqah Aida ¹, Rima Dhinta Dewi Astuti ¹, Pocut Nurul Alam ⁴

 

¹ Department of Chemical Engineering, Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic, Lhokseumawe, North Aceh, Aceh 24301, Indonesia

² Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic, 24301 Lhokseumawe, North Aceh, Indonesia

³ Department of Civil Engineering, Lhokseumawe State Polytechnic, 24301 Lhokseumawe, North Aceh, Indonesia

⁴ Department of Chemical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Citronella oil is one of the most prospective oil commodities among the 12 essential oils exported by Indonesia. Market demand for essential oils is very large, especially for citronella oil, ranging from 9-10%. patchouli and vetiver oil which are in a lower position in terms of demand for citronella oil (veniter oil) BPS (2020).  Hasanah et al. (2021), Mahjoub et al. (2013), Sulaswatty et al. (2019). Some areas that produce citronella oil include Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, West Java, and Central Java with production of more than 95% of total production in Indonesia Directorate General of Plantations, (2013). Mahjoub et al. (2013) With a fairly large number of sales of essential oils, the selling price of these oils is still affordable and very cheap. This is because the quality of the quality requirements does not meet the qualifications. Limited public knowledge regarding the processing of refining citronella oil is the main key cause for the decline in the quality of citronella oil. Zaituni et al. (2016), Hidayati et al. (2015) According to a report from the Ministry of Trade (2011) world citronella oil production is approaching 4000 tons and 40% of its sources are supplied by China and Indonesia. The low production of citronella oil can further increase the value of citronella oil with the presence of derivative products from this oil. Various uses of fragrant citronella oil that can be used such as making cosmetic products, food, beverages. The fragrance can last below the boiling point of water, so it doesn't damage the content of the citronella oil itself. Bojan et al. (2007), Daryono et al. (2014), Eka Jati et al. (2010).

 

2. METHODOLOGY

The raw material used is fragrant citronella. While the equipment used is a set of vacuum hydrodistillation tools, refractometers, pycnometers, measuring pipettes, Erlenmeyer, and a set of 50 ml titration tools. 25 liters of water is put into the distilled kettle. Esmaeili et al. (2018), Gavahian et al. (2018), Ghifary (2008) 10 kg of prepared citronella leaves with whole size and random pieces are put into the distilled kettle. The pump is turned on to circulate the cooling water, then the heater is turned on until it reaches a temperature of 100oC and then the distillation process is carried out by varying the boiling time. Variation of boiling time is 3.5 and 7 hours.  Gill et al. (2017), Ibrahim (2021) During the boiling process, the steam from citronella leaves will be cooled using cooling water. So, the oil will come out through the condenser. After the distillation process is complete, the yield of the oil obtained is calculated and the quality of the essential oil is analyzed. Jayanudin and Hartono (2011).

 

2.1. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) ANALYSIS

Analysis of citronella oil samples was carried out using GC-MS gas chromatography (GC-Shimadzu 2010 with an autosampler and ionization detector. GC-MS was connected to a mass spectrometer (Agilent 5975C) using a DB-1MS capillary column (30 x 0.25 mm 1. D) 0.25 πm layer thickness). Injector and detector temperatures were set at 250 oC. Oven temperature was programmed at 40 oC for 8 minutes, increased at 3 oC/min to 240 oC and then held for 10 minutes. Helium as carrier gas was set to flow rate of 1.2 mL/min.The sample volume injected was 10 MI with the aim of qualitatively identifying the presence of compounds present in citronella oil. Kültürela and Tarhan (2016), Kumar et al. (2016).

 

2.2. OIL YIELD ANALYSIS

Calculate the weight of the citronella to be refined (input), then calculate the final weight of the fragrant citronella oil obtained (output). Kumar et al. (2016).

Yield (%) = Weight of refined oil (output) x 100%

                         Weight of distilled citronella (input)

 

 

2.3. DENSITY ANALYSIS

1. Weigh the empty chemical pycnometer

2. Fill the empty pycnometer with essential oil distillate

3. Reduce the mass of the pycnometer which has been filled with yield with a beaker empty

4. Then the mass and volume are obtained

𝜌 = m/v

 

2.4. BIAS INDEX ANALYSIS

1)     Drop the sample to be checked for its refractive index in the sample container Refractometer.

2)     Cover tightly and allow light to pass through the solution and through the prism. So that the light on the screen in the tool is divided into two.

3)     Slide the boundary mark by rotating the adjusting knob, until intersects the point of intersection of two diagonal lines that intersect with each other on screen.

4)     Observe and read the refractive index scale indicated by the screen needle through a microscope.

5)     Two-color result display that has been set up so as to provide two colors that have a clear and firm color.

 

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

From the results of research on distillation of essential oils from citronella using the vacuum hydrodistillation method as follows: Table 1

Table 1

Table 1 Results of Research
Sample Size	Distillation Time (Hours)	Color	Refractive Index (π)	Acid Number	Density (gr/ml)	Yield (%)
Random Pieces	5	Clear	1.41570	4.32	0.92735	0.17
	6	Clear	1.41508	4.49	0.85838	0.29
	7	Clear	1.41493	4.66	0.86406	0.37
Intact	5	Clear	1.41547	4.32	0.83954	0.13
	6	Clear	1.41484	4.88	0.83000	0.22
	7	Clear	1.41464	4.49	0.82947	0.27

 

3.1. YIELD

Below is a graph showing the yield levels for samples of the full size and random pieces.

 

 

 

Figure 1

                                                          

Figure 1 Effect of Distillation Time on Essential Oil Yield Levels

 

From the research that has been done, it is known that the highest oil yield was obtained from the vacuum hydrodistillation process with random sample pieces and 5 hours of distillation time, which is equal to 0.17%. This is because the samples that were randomly cut have a smaller size than the whole pieces the more surface area, so the oil will be easier to extract.

 

3.2. DENSITY

Figure 2

                                                            

Figure 2 The Effect of Distillation Time on the Density of Essential Oils

 

From the graph above it can be seen that the distillation time affects the density of the essential oil obtained, where the longer the distillation time the lower the density of the oil. And for the best density value, it was found in samples with random pieces and 5 hours of distillation time, which was 0.92735 gram/ml. Figure 3.

Figure 3

                                                                     

Figure 3 The Effect of Distillation Time on the Refractive Index of Essential Oils

 

From the graph of the relationship between distillation time and the value of the refractive index of the essential oil samples, it can be seen that the distillation time has an effect on the refractive index. Where the longer the refining time, the lower the refractive index. This is because the longer the oil is extracted at a certain temperature, the components of the essential oil will be damaged, so that the value of the refractive index decreases. While the comparison between the size of the intact sample and the random section, it was found that the index of refraction in the random section was higher than that of the intact sample. According to Ibrahim (2021) the higher the refractive index obtained, the better the quality of the essential oil obtained. Obtained essential oil with the best index of refraction that is in the sample with a random sample size and distillation time of 5 hours.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.3. COMPOSITION ANALYSIS OF FRAGRANT CITRONELLA OIL WITH GC-MS TOOL

Figure 4

                                                                    

Figure 4 Results of GC-MS Analysis of Fragrant Citronella Oil

 

From the results of the GC-MS analysis it can be seen that the chemical compounds identified were 21.57% Geraniol and 10.36% Citronellol. Geraniol levels in essential oils are usually used for making perfume.

 

4. CONCLUSION

In this study it can be concluded that the distillation of citronella oil by vacuum hydrodistillation method is very effective. Seen from the results of the analysis of essential oils obtained. For the best distillation time for 5 hours of distillation with random pieces.

 

 

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia for their support.

 

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