STEEL SEMIRIGID STRUCTURES ENERGY STATE UNDER SEISMIC ACTIONS
Moldovan Silviu-Marius
1
1 PhD Student, Civil Engineering
Department, Faculty of Constructions, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca,
Cluj-Napoca, Romania
|
ABSTRACT |
||
Intended
contribution proposes an energy-based approach to the assessment of
capability of semirigid multi-storey steel
structures to dissipate seismically induced energy via semirigidly
connecting zones of the structure. The energy state of multi-storey structure is defined in terms of the energy balance
equation. Total amount of seismically induced energy is divided into its
classic components: kinetic energy, strain energy and dissipated energy.
Dissipated energy is - in its turn - split into the amount dissipated by the
structure itself ( |
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Received 03 July 2022 Accepted 02 August 2022 Published 16 August 2022 Corresponding Author Moldovan Silviu-Marius, mariusmoldovan@mecon.utcluj.ro DOI 10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i7.2022.4713 Funding: This research
received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial,
or not-for-profit sectors. Copyright: © 2022 The
Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License. With the
license CC-BY, authors retain the copyright, allowing anyone to download,
reuse, re-print, modify, distribute, and/or copy their contribution. The work
must be properly attributed to its author. |
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Keywords: Semirigidity, Energy
State, Seismic Dissipated Energy |
1. INTRODUCTION
Since the semirigidity of
skeleton structures has been formally accepted as a new beam-to-column
connecting state European Committee For
Standardization CEN. (1992), American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc. (1989). their response to seismic action focused on
traditional components as storey lateral displacements, their static state -
mainly expressed by the bending moment diagrams and the real behaviour of their
semirigid connections – expressed via the relation Frye
and Morris (1975), Kishi and Chen (1990), Chen
and Lui (1991). Little has been done
in regarding the semirigid connections not just in terms of their semirigid
behaviour but, as structural zones where induced seismic energy could be
dissipated. Traditional seismic analysis of structures still focuses on their
mechanical state viewed as made up of the static-equilibrium state and
kinematic compatibility state. Recently classical mechanical state has been
enlarged by including energy state as a new component. While the mechanical
parameters belonging to static and kinematic states (forces, displacements,
strains, stresses) are vectorial entities, the parameters defining energy
states are scalar entities which express synthetically the structural behaviour
under seismic loads. It has to be emphasized that
important mechanical features of a Civil Engineering type structure can only be
involved in seismic analysis via energy. Such is the damping phenomenon that
cannot be separated by its dual partner – the vibratory motion seismically
induced.
The energy includes all structural aspects (seismic
action, elastic state, inertia state, damping state) and associates them via
mathematical relations that allow to track in time and space the development
and evolution of the mechanical state of the structure. By the virtue of its scalar nature, the
energy (either through its induced energy component or through its dissipated energy component
)
is a cumulative parameter capable to express not just the present (that can, also,
be expressed by the traditional mechanical state) but, also, the past of the
mechanical state. The energy state of a structure acted upon by an earthquake
is not necessarily a totally new concept. The concept of energy state as a
component of (classical) mechanical state has been - in the last decades -
associated to the seismic action and response Akbas et al. (2001), Ordaz et al. (2003). Inclusion in the
structural analyses - allowed for by energy formulation - of masses set in
motion by the dynamic action of earthquake, of their induced velocities and
accelerations, widens beneficially the frame of structural analysis and, in the
same time, allows for a direct assessment of dynamic response un-affected by
substitutive / corrective coefficients.
The intended contribution focuses on energy state of
semirigid multi-storey steel structures acted upon by earthquakes. Energy state
is defined by its components: seismically induced energy ,
kinetic energy
,
strain energy
and damping energy
.
Similarly, to equilibrium equations associated to static state, to
compatibility equations associated to kinematic state, energy state is governed
by the energy balance equation:
(1)
The proposed contribution focuses on the contribution to
dissipated energy component of semirigid connections of the structures in
several cases of connecting solutions.
2. METHOD
The computation of energy components of MDOF dynamic systems Figure 1 requires the introduction of well-known vectors and matrices of traditional structural analysis:
Figure 1
Figure 1 MDOF Dynamic System |
u(nx1) - vector of DOF’s (lateral storey displacements)
u ̇(nx1) - vector of velocities of masses
u ̈(nx1) - vector of accelerations
M(nxn) - inertial matrix
C(nxn) - damping matrix
R(nxn) - stiffness matrix
u ̈_g - ground acceleration
Computation of energy components follows the literature dealing with energy of seismically acted upon structures Uang and Bertero (1990), Uang and Bertero (1988), Manfredi (2001). Therefore, the relations stated below govern the computation of energy components and are assessed by numerical integration.
The relative seismic input energy:
·
(2)
The relative kinetic energy:
·
(3)
The dissipated (via damping) energy:
·
(4)
The strain energy:
·
(5)
The specificity of semirigid structures is emphasized in
the way the dissipated energy is generated. While in the case of rigidly
connected structures, component is associated to the inherent
damping properties of the structure itself, in the case of semirigidly
connected structures the induce seismic energy is dissipated by both the
structure and the semirigid connections. The contribution of semirigid connections
to the dissipated energy component is – in fact – the main objective of the
contribution. Therefore,
component is splitted into
– associated to the structure – and
– associated exclusively to the semirgid
connections.
(6)
Regarding component, it is generated during relative
rotation component
and
its computation is based on the equivalence of elementary work
performed by bending moment
of each
j connection through elementary relative rotation
:
(7)
Where
(8)
It leads to a total amount of dissipated energy via semirigid connections:
(9)
Following a structural analysis program devoted to
semirigid multi-storey steel structures, Seismostruct
Seismosoft. (2022). and
are computed as functions of time. Integrating
process (9) is computed by summing up the elementary quantities associated to
an elementary time step
dt = 0.02 sec.
3. STRUCTURES, SEMIRIGID CONNECTIONS, SEISMIC ACTIONS
In what follows, computation of dissipated energy – and implicitly of its
and
components – is associated to a 4 storey 3
span semirigid steel (of S355 class) structure Figure 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Four Storey Frame |
The semirigid connections are of top – and seat- angle with double web-angles (abbreviated as TSDW, from here on) type Figure 3.
Figure 3
Figure 3 TSDW Semirigid Connection |
The Kishi-Chen (three parameter) power model Kishi and Chen (1990). of the M-θ_r curve is adopted for the practical modelling of the connections, as described in Chen and Kim (1997).
The mechanical and geometrical features of semirigid connections are presented in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.
Table 1
Table 1 Mechanical Characteristics of the TSDW Semirigid Connections |
|||
Connection |
Node TSDW1 |
Node TSDW2 |
Node TSDW3 |
|
102200 |
205500 |
302200 |
|
331.615 |
433.902 |
461.318 |
|
1.151 |
0.891 |
0.827 |
|
Table 2
Table 2 Geometrical Characteristics of the TSDW Semirigid Connections |
|||
Connection |
Node TSDW1 |
Node TSDW2 |
Node TSDW3 |
|
14 |
16 |
16 |
|
9 |
10 |
10 |
|
200 |
200 |
200 |
|
400 |
400 |
400 |
|
M20 |
M20 |
M24 |
|
68 |
65 |
63 |
|
60 |
54 |
52 |
|
Seismic actions are introduced via recorded ground accelerations of El Centro 1940 NS Figure 4 and Vrancea 1977 NS Figure 5 earthquakes, scaled down to peak values of 0.20g and 0.25g, respectively.
Figure 4
Figure 4 El Centro 1940 NS – Ground Acceleration |
Figure 5
Figure 5 Vrancea 1977 NS – Ground Acceleration |
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Computed results include seismically induced energy ,
dissipated energy by the structure itself
,
dissipated energy by the semirigid connections
and the total dissipated energy
.
The results are presented graphically in a comparative manner Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 9,Figure 10,Figure 11,Figure 12,Figure 13,Figure 14,Figure 15, Figure 16,Figure 17,Figure 18,Figure 19,Figure 20. The fraction of
critical damping is considered ζ= 5%. The presented results are excerpts from
a larger study regarding the capability of semirigid steel structures to
dissipate seismically induced energy.
Figure 6
Figure 6 Input Energy |
Figure 7
Figure 7 Input Energy |
Figure 8
Figure 8 Dissipated energy |
Figure 9
Figure 9 Dissipated Energy |
Figure 10
Figure 10 Total Dissipated
Energy |
Figure 11
Figure 11 Total Dissipated
Energy |
Figure 12
Figure 12 Energy Components – Vrancea 1977 NS – TSDW1 |
Figure 13
Figure 13
Energy Components |
Figure 14
Figure 14 Contribution of |
Figure 15
Figure 15 Energy Components – Vrancea 1977 NS – TSDW2 |
Figure 16
Figure 16 Energy
Components |
Figure 17
Figure 17 Contribution of |
Figure 18
Figure 18 Energy Components – El Centro 40 NS – TSDW3 |
Figure 19
Figure 19 Energy Components |
Figure 20
Figure 20 Contribution of |
The two components of the dissipated energy are separately emphasized for each case of mechanical make-up semirigid beam-to-column connections. Clear remarks regarding the amount of dissipated energy by the structure itself and by the semirigid connections are possible from the comparative graphical manner the results are presented.
As it can be seen from the results, the dissipated energy
via the semirigid connections E_dc accounts for an
important percent (50-70%) of the total dissipated energy .
5. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed objective has been accomplished by computed energy parameters associated to dissipation capability of semirigid connections. The first conclusion to presented results is that semirigidity of beam-to-column connections is capable of dissipating seismically induced energy.
A second conclusion can be drawn referring to the amount
of dissipated energy by semirigid connections as part of the total dissipated energy
.
It may be concluded that this part depends to a large extent on both seismic
action and rigidity of the connection. Therefore, in the design activity of
semirigid multi-storey steel structures, the specificity of semirigid connections
should be closely associated to the specificity of seismic actions.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
None.
REFERENCES
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