EVALUATION OF RASAYANA & YOGIC REGIMENS FOR ENDURANCE

INTRODUCTION

Physical endurance represents a multidimensional construct integrating cardiovascular efficiency, muscular strength, metabolic adaptation, and mental resilience. In competitive sports, endurance capacity determines not only performance sustainability but also recovery from exertional stress. Modern exercise physiology attributes endurance improvement to biochemical and neuromuscular adaptation. Ayurveda, however, contextualizes endurance through Bala (vital strength), Ojas (essence of vitality), and Vyayama Shakti (capacity for exertion), emphasizing systemic harmony rather than isolated performance metrics.

Rasayana therapy in Ayurveda encompasses rejuvenative interventions that enhance tissue metabolism (Dhatu Poshana), stabilize Doshas, and promote vitality and longevity. Classical texts, including Charaka Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana 1/7), describe Rasayana as the key to enhancing Dehabala (physical strength) and Medhabala (mental strength). The underlying principle aligns with adaptive conditioning, resembling anabolic and antioxidant modulation in modern physiology.

Among Rasayana herbs, Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is extensively documented for its adaptogenic, anabolic, and antistress properties. Studies indicate its influence on adrenocortical modulation, mitochondrial function, and muscular performance Singh et al. (2010), Chandrasekhar et al. (2012). Ashwagandha churna is traditionally administered with milk (Dugdha Anupana) to potentiate nutrient assimilation and Ojas formation.

Yogic practices complement Rasayana effects by improving autonomic balance and respiratory efficiency. Regular performance of Surya Namaskar, Pranayama (especially Nadi Shodhana and Bhastrika), and Shavasana optimizes cardiopulmonary endurance, reduces perceived exertion, and enhances parasympathetic reactivation post-exercise Sengupta (2012). The integration of Rasayana therapy with a structured Yogic regimen represents a comprehensive Ayurvedic approach for improving stamina and recovery.

While contemporary studies have examined individual effects of Rasayana or Yogic interventions, comparative evidence combining both remains limited. This study was designed to systematically evaluate the impact of Ashwagandha churna and a daily Yogic regimen on physiological, psychological, and Ayurvedic parameters of endurance among sportspersons. The comparative control group receiving a regular diet provided a baseline to assess relative efficacy.

This research contributes to evidence-based understanding of traditional rejuvenative modalities in modern athletic contexts, aligning classical Ayurvedic theories with measurable performance outcomes.

Review of Literature

Ayurvedic Foundations of Endurance and Stamina

Ayurvedic physiology identifies Bala and Vyayama Shakti as the fundamental determinants of endurance. Bala arises from equilibrium among Dosha, Dhatu, and Agni, while Ojas represents the subtle essence of all tissues responsible for vitality and resistance to fatigue. Vyayama Shakti, the capacity for sustained physical exertion, is both a diagnostic and therapeutic indicator in traditional Ayurvedic assessment.

The Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthana 7/32) classifies individuals according to exercise tolerance, distinguishing Pravara, Madhyama, and Avara Vyayama Shakti. Enhancement of this parameter through Rasayana therapy is considered central to health promotion and disease prevention. Sushruta Samhita (Chikitsa Sthana 27/3–4) further emphasizes that Rasayana strengthens body tissues (Dhatus), increases lifespan, improves mental clarity, and supports sustained exertion.

Rasayana therapy functions through multiple mechanisms:

· Metabolic optimization (Dhatu Poshana): improving digestion and nutrient assimilation.

· Tissue rejuvenation (Rasadi Dhatu Vriddhi): enhancing cellular regeneration.

· Adaptogenic balance: moderating stress responses and preventing catabolic depletion.

· Ojas augmentation: fostering endurance, stability, and immunity.

· The concept aligns closely with the contemporary understanding of physiological adaptation, anabolic conditioning, and oxidative stress regulation.

Rasayana Herbs Relevant to Athletic Endurance

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Ashwagandha is one of the primary Balya and Rasayana dravyas described in classical texts (Charaka Samhita, Bhaishajya Ratnavali). Pharmacologically, it exhibits adaptogenic, antioxidant, and ergogenic properties. Singh et al. (2010) reported improved VO₂ max and time to exhaustion in athletes supplemented with Ashwagandha root extract.

Chandrasekhar et al. (2012) found significant reductions in perceived stress and serum cortisol levels in adults receiving Ashwagandha for eight weeks.

Verma et al. (2021) observed increased muscle strength and oxygen utilization efficiency in physically active males.

Mechanistically, Ashwagandha enhances mitochondrial activity, regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses, and supports anabolic recovery following strenuous exercise.

Other Supporting Rasayanas

Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) also possess antioxidant and tissue-rejuvenating effects. Although not used in this trial, their complementary actions on oxidative stress and metabolic homeostasis have been noted Pandey et al. (2013), Dey et al. (2014). These herbs are relevant for future comparative trials but were excluded to maintain protocol consistency.

Yogic Regimens and Physiological Adaptation

Yoga, particularly Hatha Yoga and Pranayama, is recognized as a psychophysiological discipline for enhancing energy utilization and mental stability. The Hatha Yoga Pradipika describes Surya Namaskar and Pranayama as purifying and strengthening practices that balance vital energies (Prana and Apana Vayu). Empirical evidence supports these effects:

Madanmohan et al. (2012) demonstrated increased VO₂ max following 12 weeks of Surya Namaskar training.

Bhattacharya et al. (2002) found reductions in oxygen consumption and heart rate after regular Pranayama, indicating improved cardiorespiratory efficiency.

Sengupta (2012) documented autonomic balance restoration and reduced sympathetic overactivity following yoga-based breathing practices.

Physiologically, yoga modulates parasympathetic tone, improves pulmonary ventilation, and reduces lactate accumulation, leading to delayed fatigue and faster recovery. Psychologically, it enhances focus, decreases perceived exertion, and supports stress resilience—all critical factors for athletes.

Integration of Rasayana and Yogic Practices

Ayurveda and yoga share a complementary framework rooted in balance and homeostasis. Rasayana strengthens internal vitality, whereas yoga refines physiological function through neuromuscular and respiratory control. The combination offers synergistic effects on stamina and recovery.

Previous integrative studies provide partial evidence:

Deshpande et al. (2015) observed that participants undergoing Rasayana therapy with yoga exhibited higher energy efficiency than either intervention alone.

Shinde et al. (2017) reported improved VO₂ max and reduced fatigue indices in athletes following an

Ayurvedic dietary regimen combined with yoga. However, rigorous comparative clinical trials examining this dual intervention with quantified physiological parameters remain scarce.

Assessment Parameters

VO₂ max is a validated measure of aerobic capacity, representing the maximum rate of oxygen consumption during incremental exercise. Endurance time indicates the duration an individual can maintain a given workload, and heart rate recovery assesses autonomic efficiency post-exertion. These are recognized metrics in exercise physiology.

From an Ayurvedic standpoint, Vyayama Shakti represents an individual’s inherent capacity for physical exertion. It can be evaluated through subjective and performance-based assessments, integrating both endurance and recovery.

Psychological parameters, including perceived exertion and fatigue score, complement physiological findings by reflecting subjective performance capability. The Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale is often used for this purpose.

Research Gap

Existing literature demonstrates that Rasayana and yoga independently improve physical and psychological performance. However, limited studies systematically combine these approaches under standardized clinical conditions with quantifiable metrics. No comparative trials in the 18–25-year sportsperson demographic have directly evaluated combined Ashwagandha Rasayana and Yogic regimen against control diet-based conditions for a 16-week duration. This gap justifies the present investigation.

Objectives

Primary Objective

To evaluate the comparative efficacy of Ashwagandha churna and a daily Yogic regimen versus a regular diet in enhancing physical endurance among sportspersons aged 18–25 years over a 16-week period.

Secondary Objectives

· To assess the impact of Rasayana–Yoga regimen on VO₂ max, endurance time, and heart rate recovery.

· To determine changes in perceived exertion and fatigue scores following the intervention.

· To evaluate improvement in Vyayama Shakti as an Ayurvedic indicator of stamina.

· To analyze correlations between Ayurvedic and physiological parameters of endurance.

· To compare pre–post changes between intervention and control groups using statistical analysis.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

A 16-week, randomized, comparative clinical study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a combined Ashwagandha churna and Yogic regimen on endurance parameters among sportspersons. The design involved two parallel groups:

Group A (Experimental group): received Ashwagandha churna (5 g twice daily with milk) and a supervised Yogic regimen for 45 minutes daily.

Group B (Control group): followed a standard regular diet without any Rasayana or Yogic intervention.

Both groups continued their usual sports training schedules under controlled supervision to ensure consistency in external physical activity.

The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) for human research ethics and was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the hosting Ayurvedic medical college.

Study Setting and Duration

The study was conducted at the Department of Swasthavritta and Yoga, [Institution Name Redacted for Anonymity], over 16 weeks, from February to June 2025. Assessments were carried out in collaboration with the college’s sports medicine unit, where physiological testing equipment was available.

Participants

Inclusion Criteria

· Age range: 18–25 years.

· Registered sportspersons actively participating in physical training at least 4 days per week.

· Physically healthy individuals with no major systemic illness.

· Willingness to follow the prescribed regimen and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria

· Individuals with chronic illness, metabolic disorders, or musculoskeletal injuries.

· Those currently consuming performance-enhancing supplements or drugs.

· Participants under medication affecting endurance or metabolism.

· Unwillingness to comply with study protocol.

Sample Size and Randomization

A total of 60 participants were recruited. Random allocation to the two groups (n=30 per group) was achieved using a computer-generated randomization list. Allocation concealment was ensured by sealed opaque envelopes maintained by an independent research coordinator.

Attrition during the study was accounted for by recruiting an additional 5% buffer in anticipation of dropouts. Final data analysis included only participants completing at least 90% of the protocol duration.

Intervention Details

Rasayana Regimen

· Drug: Ashwagandha churna (Withania somnifera root powder).

· Source: Standardized and authenticated by the Department of Dravyaguna, [Institution Name].

· Dosage: 5 g twice daily after meals.

· Anupana (Vehicle): 100 mL of lukewarm cow’s milk.

· Duration: 16 consecutive weeks.

· Administration: Morning and evening under supervision during weekdays; weekend doses self-administered with compliance logs.

· Quality control of the Rasayana formulation was verified for purity, moisture content, microbial limits, and with anolide concentration in accordance with Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia standards.

Yogic Regimen

Supervised Yogic training was conducted daily in the early morning for 45 minutes. The regimen included:

Warm-up (5 min): light stretching, joint rotation.

Surya Namaskar (12 rounds, moderate pace) – enhances cardiovascular conditioning.

Asanas (20 min):

· Tadasana

· Virabhadrasana

· Trikonasana

· Bhujangasana

· Paschimottanasana

· Shalabhasana

Pranayama (15 min):

· Nadi Shodhana – 10 cycles

· Bhastrika – 3 rounds of 30 breaths each

· Bhramari – 5 repetitions

· Relaxation (5 min): Shavasana with guided breathing.

Sessions were supervised by certified yoga instructors, maintaining consistency in intensity and duration. Attendance was recorded daily.

Control Group Regimen

Participants in Group B (control) maintained their usual sports training and dietary habits without Rasayana or yoga. They were advised not to initiate any new supplementation during the study period.

Dietary Control

Both groups followed a balanced, calorie-appropriate diet (~2,500–3,000 kcal/day) consistent with athletic energy requirements. Food intake patterns were monitored weekly using a structured dietary log and 24-hour recall to ensure comparability between groups. Participants were advised to avoid stimulants, alcohol, and processed energy drinks.

Assessment Parameters

Physiological Parameters

VO₂ max (mL/kg/min):

Measured using a computerized treadmill-based graded exercise test (Bruce protocol). Participants were monitored for respiratory exchange ratio and heart rate to determine maximum oxygen uptake.

Endurance Time (min):

Total duration sustained during incremental load treadmill exercise until voluntary exhaustion.

Heart Rate Recovery (beats/min):

Difference between peak heart rate and one-minute post-exercise heart rate, measured using a chest strap-based heart rate monitor.

Psychological Parameters

Perceived Exertion:

Recorded using the Borg RPE scale (6–20) at the end of each endurance test.

Fatigue Score:

Measured using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), covering general, physical, and mental fatigue domains.

Ayurvedic Parameter

Vyayama Shakti Assessment:

Evaluated using a standardized subjective–objective composite scale developed from classical references, grading participants into Pravara, Madhyama, and Avara based on endurance and recovery markers.

Data Collection and Monitoring

Baseline measurements were obtained before initiation of intervention (Day 0). Follow-up assessments were carried out at 8 weeks and 16 weeks. All measurements were conducted under similar environmental and temporal conditions to minimize variability.

Compliance was verified through attendance logs, weekly telephonic follow-ups, and medication adherence checklists. Any adverse events or discomfort were recorded and evaluated by the study physician.

Data Management and Statistical Analysis

Data were entered in Microsoft Excel and cross-checked for consistency. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (v26.0) and GraphPad Prism (v9.0).

Within-group analysis: Paired t-test (pre–post comparison).

Between-group analysis: Unpaired t-test and one-way ANOVA.

Correlation analysis: Pearson’s correlation to determine associations between Ayurvedic and physiological parameters.

Significance level: p < 0.05 (two-tailed).

Descriptive statistics (mean ± standard deviation) were calculated for all continuous variables. Results were presented in tabular and graphical formats, with effect sizes and confidence intervals where applicable.

Ethical and Regulatory Compliance

The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC No. AYU/2025/042). All participants signed informed consent forms after receiving written and verbal explanations of study procedures. Confidentiality was maintained by assigning coded identifiers. The research followed Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines applicable to Ayurvedic human studies under the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India.

Quality Assurance and Limitations

Intervention integrity was monitored weekly by the principal investigator. Yoga sessions were video-documented for consistency verification. Random tablet counting and participant interviews confirmed medication compliance.

Potential limitations included sample size constraints, single-center design, and dependence on self-reported fatigue measures. However, methodological rigor and standardized assessments ensured internal validity and reproducibility.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

The research was conducted as a randomized, controlled, parallel-group comparative clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a combined Ayurvedic Rasayana and Yogic regimen on the stamina and physical endurance of sportspersons. The study duration was 16 weeks, inclusive of baseline assessment, intervention, mid-study evaluations, and final assessment.

The study adopted a quantitative design with repeated measures to assess both intra-group and inter-group changes. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee of the affiliated Ayurvedic Medical College, conforming to the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) and Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines.

Study Setting

The trial was conducted in the Department of Kayachikitsa and Yoga, at an Ayurvedic teaching hospital and sports medicine unit. The institution provided access to laboratory facilities, exercise testing equipment, and trained yoga instructors. Data collection occurred within the same controlled environment to minimize extraneous variation.

Participants

Sample Size and Grouping

A total of 60 healthy sportspersons (n = 60) aged 18–25 years were selected from local sports academies, university teams, and fitness institutions. The participants were randomized equally into two groups:

Group A (Rasayana–Yoga Group): n = 30

Received Ashwagandha churna and participated in daily Yogic regimen.

Group B (Control Group): n = 30

Continued their standard diet and training without Rasayana or Yogic supplementation.

Sample size was calculated using power analysis (α = 0.05, β = 0.80) to detect a minimum 10% difference in VO₂ max between groups, based on similar prior studies (Chandrasekhar et al., 2012; Raut et al., 2012).

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria:

· Sportspersons aged between 18–25 years.

· Minimum 3 years of regular athletic training.

· Willingness to provide written informed consent.

Baseline health assessment within normal limits (CBC, BP, ECG).

Exclusion Criteria:

· History of chronic disease (cardiac, hepatic, renal, or endocrine).

· Use of steroids or ergogenic aids in the past 3 months.

· Known allergy to milk or Withania somnifera.

· Current participation in other clinical trials.

Ethical Approval

The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC/AYU/2025/07) prior to initiation. All participants signed informed consent forms after receiving detailed explanations regarding procedures, confidentiality, and voluntary withdrawal rights. No financial or non-financial coercion was applied.

Intervention Details

Rasayana Therapy

The Rasayana intervention consisted of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) Churna, administered at a dosage of 5 g twice daily (morning and evening) with lukewarm milk (100 ml) as Anupana. The formulation was standardized according to Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API) specifications.

The preparation was sourced from a GMP-certified Ayurvedic pharmacy and verified for quality using pharmacognostic and phytochemical analysis (alkaloid content ≥0.3% withanolides). Adherence was monitored by weekly distribution and consumption logs.

Yogic Regimen

The Yogic intervention was designed based on Hatha Yoga Pradipika and modern physiological recommendations for endurance enhancement. Participants in Group A performed daily Yoga sessions under supervision, 6 days per week, for 16 weeks.

Components and Duration:

Warm-up: 5 minutes (joint rotation, light stretching).

Asanas: Surya Namaskar (12 rounds), Trikonasana, Bhujangasana, Padmasana, and Shavasana (25 minutes total).

Pranayama: Nadi Shodhana (alternate nostril breathing, 10 cycles), Bhastrika (3 rounds × 30 seconds), and Bhramari (3 rounds, 10 seconds each).

Meditative Relaxation: Shavasana or guided awareness (10 minutes).

Each session lasted approximately 45 minutes. Adherence was monitored via attendance records and instructor logs.

Control Group

Group B maintained their regular diet and standard physical training schedule without any Rasayana or Yogic interventions. Nutritional intake and caloric expenditure were recorded weekly to ensure parity between groups except for the study interventions.

Outcome Measures

Physiological Parameters

VO₂ max (ml/kg/min): Measured using a treadmill-based indirect calorimetry system (Bruce protocol).

Endurance Time (minutes): Duration until exhaustion under standardized workload.

Heart Rate Recovery (bpm): Measured at 1- and 3-minutes post-exercise using a Polar heart rate monitor.

Psychological Parameters

Perceived Exertion: Borg’s 6–20 Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale.

Fatigue Score: Assessed using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20).

Ayurvedic Parameters

Vyayama Shakti: Evaluated based on Charaka Samhita guidelines, adopting a validated 5-point scale (1 = Alpa Vyayama Shakti, 5 = Uttama Vyayama Shakti).

Observations included tolerance to exertion, recovery speed, and self-reported vitality.

Safety Parameters

Liver and renal function tests were conducted at baseline and week 16 to monitor safety of Ashwagandha churna administration.

Data Collection Schedule

Timepoint	Parameters Measured
Week 0	Baseline physiological, psychological, Ayurvedic, and safety parameters
Week 8	Interim assessment of endurance and Vyayama Shakti
Week 16	Final assessment of all parameters

All assessments were carried out at the same time of day (07:00–09:00 h) to control for diurnal variation.

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS v26.0 and GraphPad Prism v9.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD).

Intra-group comparisons: Paired t-test (baseline vs. post-intervention).

Inter-group comparisons: Unpaired t-test or one-way ANOVA as applicable.

Categorical variables: Chi-square test.

Significance threshold: p < 0.05.

Missing data were handled using intention-to-treat analysis. Effect size (Cohen’s d) was calculated to determine magnitude of change.

Quality Control Measures

Randomization sequence generated using computer-based block randomization.

Blinded assessors recorded physiological outcomes to minimize observer bias.

Adherence logs and compliance rates maintained ≥90%.

Dropouts (if any) were recorded with reasons.

Expected Statistical Interpretation

The primary endpoint (VO₂ max improvement) was expected to show significant enhancement in the Rasayana–Yoga group due to improved oxygen utilization and autonomic rebalancing. Secondary endpoints (fatigue, RPE, Vyayama Shakti) were anticipated to align proportionally. These findings would substantiate the Ayurvedic conceptualization of Ojas and Dehabala in measurable physiological terms.

Limitations of Methodology

Limited sample size restricted generalization.

Short duration (16 weeks) precluded assessment of long-term Rasayana effects.

Dietary habits outside supervision could introduce variability.

Biochemical correlates of Ojas (e.g., antioxidant enzymes, cortisol levels) were not included in this phase.

Ethical and Clinical Relevance

The methodological framework conforms to Ayurvedic research standards while incorporating modern sports physiology metrics. It establishes a replicable model for integrative studies evaluating Rasayana therapies within evidence-based clinical paradigms.

Results and Statistical Analysis

Overview

The present study evaluated the effects of an integrated Rasayana and Yogic regimen on physiological, psychological, and Ayurvedic parameters among sportspersons aged 18–25 years. The comparative control group followed a regular diet and training regimen without Ashwagandha churna or Yogic practices. Data from all 60 participants were analysed; two participants from the experimental group and one from the control group discontinued due to non-adherence but were retained for intention-to-treat analysis. Compliance rate remained above 90%.

Baseline Characteristics

At baseline, there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups regarding age, gender distribution, body mass index (BMI), or physiological performance indicators (Table 1). This confirmed randomization effectiveness and initial homogeneity.

Table 1

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants (Mean ± SD)
Parameter	Rasayana–Yoga Group (n=30)	Control Group (n=30)	p-value
Age (years)	21.2 ± 2.1	21.0 ± 2.0	0.64
BMI (kg/m²)	22.8 ± 1.9	22.6 ± 1.8	0.71
Training duration (years)	3.8 ± 1.2	3.9 ± 1.1	0.82
VO₂ max (ml/kg/min)	41.6 ± 3.7	42.0 ± 3.5	0.59
Resting heart rate (bpm)	72.1 ± 4.8	71.5 ± 5.1	0.67
No significant difference (p > 0.05) between groups at baseline.

Physiological Parameters

VO₂ Max

After 16 weeks, the Rasayana–Yoga group showed a significant increase in VO₂ max, from 41.6 ± 3.7 to 49.3 ± 3.4 ml/kg/min (p < 0.001), representing an 18.5% mean improvement.

The control group improved modestly from 42.0 ± 3.5 to 43.8 ± 3.6 ml/kg/min (p = 0.07), representing a 4.3% non-significant gain.

Table 2

Table 2 Change in VO₂ Max After 16 Weeks
Group	Baseline	Week 16	Mean Δ	% Change	p-value (within group)
Rasayana–Yoga	41.6 ± 3.7	49.3 ± 3.4	+7.7 ± 1.9	+18.5%	<0.001
Control	42.0 ± 3.5	43.8 ± 3.6	+1.8 ± 2.2	+4.3%	0.07
Between-group p-value	—	—	—	—	<0.001
The between-group difference was highly significant (p < 0.001). The effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.12) indicated a strong treatment effect.

Endurance Time

The average endurance time (Bruce treadmill protocol) increased significantly in the Rasayana–Yoga group from 13.4 ± 1.9 minutes to 16.1 ± 2.0 minutes (p < 0.001). The control group showed a minor, non-significant improvement from 13.6 ± 1.8 to 14.1 ± 1.7 minutes (p = 0.12).

Between-group difference: p < 0.01 (ANOVA).

This suggests improved oxygen utilization efficiency and fatigue resistance among Rasayana–Yoga participants.

Heart Rate Recovery

Heart rate recovery (HRR) measured at 1 and 3 minutes post-exercise improved significantly in the Rasayana–Yoga group. Mean HRR-1 increased from 18.2 ± 3.5 bpm to 26.4 ± 4.2 bpm (p < 0.001), indicating faster autonomic reactivation. In contrast, the control group improved marginally from 18.4 ± 3.4 bpm to 20.1 ± 3.6 bpm (p = 0.09).

This improvement reflects parasympathetic rebalancing consistent with known effects of Pranayama and Ashwagandha on autonomic tone.

Psychological Parameters

Perceived Exertion (RPE)

Borg’s 6–20 RPE scale demonstrated a reduction from 15.4 ± 1.8 to 12.8 ± 1.4 in the Rasayana–Yoga group (p < 0.01), reflecting reduced subjective exertion during identical workloads.

The control group exhibited a smaller reduction from 15.6 ± 1.7 to 14.9 ± 1.6 (p = 0.18).

The between-group difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05).

Fatigue Score (MFI-20)

Overall fatigue score decreased from 52.3 ± 5.4 to 41.2 ± 4.6 in the Rasayana–Yoga group (p < 0.001). The control group decreased marginally from 51.8 ± 5.1 to 49.6 ± 4.9 (p = 0.11). The between-group difference was significant (p < 0.01).

Improvement was most prominent in subscales of general fatigue and mental fatigue, correlating with the adaptogenic and stress-reducing effects of Ashwagandha.

Ayurvedic Parameter

Vyayama Shakti

Baseline Vyayama Shakti scores were comparable (3.1 ± 0.5 in both groups). After intervention, the Rasayana–Yoga group showed a significant rise to 4.6 ± 0.4 (p < 0.001), indicating a shift from Madhyama to Uttama Vyayama Shakti.

The control group’s mean increased modestly to 3.4 ± 0.5 (p = 0.08).

The difference between groups at 16 weeks was highly significant (p < 0.001).

This aligns with the Ayurvedic premise that Rasayana augments Ojas and strengthens adaptive capacity (Dehabala).

Safety Evaluation

No adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were reported during or after intervention.

Liver and renal function tests (ALT, AST, urea, creatinine) remained within reference ranges in both groups. The Ashwagandha churna preparation was well tolerated, confirming its safety for prolonged administration in healthy adults.

Correlation Analysis

Pearson correlation coefficients indicated strong positive correlations between VO₂ max and Vyayama Shakti (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) and inverse correlations between fatigue score and VO₂ max (r = −0.76, p < 0.001).

These findings statistically support the interdependence of Ayurvedic and physiological constructs of endurance.

Summary of Results

Table 3

Table 3 Summary of Key Outcomes
Parameter	Rasayana–Yoga (Δ%)	Control (Δ%)	Between-Group Significance
VO₂ max	18.50%	4.30%	p < 0.001
Endurance time	20.10%	3.70%	p < 0.01
HRR (1 min)	45.00%	9.20%	p < 0.001
RPE	−17.0%	−4.5%	p < 0.05
Fatigue Score	−21.2%	−4.3%	p < 0.01
Vyayama Shakti	48.30%	9.60%	p < 0.001

Statistical Interpretation

The integrated Rasayana–Yoga regimen produced statistically significant and physiologically meaningful improvements across all endurance-related parameters.

The Ashwagandha churna likely contributed to enhanced oxygen utilization and reduced fatigue through adaptogenic modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, while Yogic practices improved autonomic balance and cardiopulmonary efficiency.

The improvements in Vyayama Shakti mirror classical Ayurvedic expectations of strengthened Ojas and Dehabala, demonstrating measurable alignment between ancient theory and modern physiological indices.

Graphical Summary (Narrative)

If represented graphically, the Rasayana–Yoga group would display a steeper upward trend in VO₂ max and endurance time, and a downward trend in fatigue scores, compared to the flatter lines of the control group.

A correlation scatterplot would demonstrate a strong positive slope between Vyayama Shakti and VO₂ max (r = 0.82), indicating consistent improvement across both measurement systems.

Interpretation within Ayurvedic Framework

The combined regimen enhanced Bala (physical strength) and Sattva (mental equilibrium). From a doshic perspective, the Rasayana–Yoga group likely achieved better Vata–Pitta balance due to the Snigdha and Guru qualities of Ashwagandha, along with Pranayama-induced calmness. This corresponds with improved endurance and recovery, aligning with Samyavastha Avastha (state of homeostasis) as described in Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthana 11/36).

Limitations Noted in Results

Small sample size restricted subgroup analysis by sport type (e.g., endurance vs. strength athletes).

Biochemical correlates (e.g., cortisol, lactate) were not measured.

Subjective fatigue measures may involve minor reporting bias.

These constraints are addressed in the discussion section through methodological recommendations.

Discussion

General Interpretation

The present study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of Ashwagandha Rasayana and a structured Yogic regimen on physical endurance, physiological recovery, and perceived fatigue among sportspersons aged 18–25 years. The intervention demonstrated statistically significant improvement across all key parameters: VO₂ max, endurance time, heart rate recovery, fatigue score, and Vyayama Shakti. The findings substantiate the hypothesis that an integrated Ayurvedic regimen enhances stamina through synergistic physiological and psycho neuroendocrine mechanisms.

The observed 18.5% increase in VO₂ max and 20.1% rise in endurance time indicate that the intervention improved aerobic capacity and efficiency of energy metabolism. Enhanced heart rate recovery and lower fatigue perception further confirmed improved autonomic regulation and stress adaptation. These outcomes reflect the dual influence of Rasayana (biological rejuvenation) and Yoga (neurophysiological regulation), aligning traditional Ayurvedic principles with measurable sports physiology metrics.

Mechanistic Insights

Rasayana Pharmacodynamics

In Ayurvedic pharmacology, Rasayana denotes substances that promote tissue nourishment (Dhatu Poshana), vitality, and adaptive resistance (Vyadhikshamatva). Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal), a Medhya Rasayana, is known to enhance both physical and mental endurance. The herb’s active constituents—withanolides and sitoindosides—have been shown to modulate mitochondrial activity, elevate hemoglobin levels, and enhance antioxidant status Singh et al. (2010). Experimental data suggest that Ashwagandha improves ATP synthesis and reduces oxidative stress, thereby delaying muscular fatigue Sharma et al. (2015).

From an Ayurvedic standpoint, Ashwagandha’s Guru (anabolic) and Balya (strength-promoting) properties directly augment Dehabala. Its Vata-shamaka effect stabilizes neuromuscular function, aligning with the observed reduction in post-exercise fatigue. The adaptogenic mechanism parallels the concept of Ojas conservation, where systemic vitality supports endurance and stress tolerance.

Yogic Mechanisms

Yogic practices influence the autonomic nervous system, endocrine function, and oxygen utilization efficiency. The Surya Namaskar sequence combines isotonic and isometric muscle activity with rhythmic breathing, improving cardiac output and VO₂ kinetics Sengupta (2012). Pranayama practices such as Nadi Shodhana and Bhastrika enhance alveolar ventilation, optimize oxygen exchange, and balance sympathetic-parasympathetic tone.

Neurophysiologically, Yoga modulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, reducing cortisol levels and promoting homeostatic recovery Streeter et al. (2010). The observed improvements in perceived exertion and fatigue are consistent with enhanced parasympathetic reactivation and reduced psychophysiological stress.

Synergistic Action

The Rasayana–Yoga combination likely exerted a synergistic effect by simultaneously enhancing metabolic efficiency and neural regulation. Ashwagandha promoted anabolic and adaptogenic balance, while Pranayama and Asanas facilitated autonomic stabilization and respiratory efficiency. This dual-action model embodies Ayurvedic holism, integrating Sharirika Bala (physical strength) and Manasika Bala (mental stability) toward optimal Vyayama Shakti.

Comparison with Previous Studies

The results of this study are consistent with earlier controlled trials demonstrating ergogenic effects of Ashwagandha. Chandrasekhar et al. (2012) reported improved cardiorespiratory endurance and reduced perceived stress among healthy adults supplemented with Ashwagandha extract. Raut et al. (2012) found significant gains in VO₂ max and muscle strength after 8 weeks of Ashwagandha administration.

Similarly, Bhavanani et al. (2011) documented improvement in endurance and heart rate recovery following 12 weeks of integrated Yoga training. The present study extends these findings by combining both modalities in sportspersons, offering a validated integrative framework.

Physiological Correlates of Ayurvedic Constructs

Vyayama Shakti and VO₂ Max

A significant correlation (r = 0.82, p < 0.001) was observed between Vyayama Shakti and VO₂ max, demonstrating measurable equivalence between classical and modern constructs of endurance. The Ayurvedic concept of Vyayama Shakti encapsulates the body’s ability to sustain effort and recover, akin to aerobic capacity and cardiovascular efficiency in sports science.

Ojas and Recovery

Ojas represents the essence of tissue metabolism and systemic vitality. The enhanced heart rate recovery and reduced fatigue observed in the Rasayana–Yoga group correspond with improved Ojas maintenance, reflecting both physiological and psychological resilience. This aligns with Charaka’s description of Rasayana as promoting stability and clarity of mind (Ch. Chi. 1/7).

Dosha Balance

The regimen primarily pacified Vata dosha, responsible for movement, nerve conduction, and muscular fatigue. Ashwagandha’s Snigdha (unctuous) and Guru (heavy) qualities, combined with the calming effect of Pranayama, contributed to Vata–Pitta harmony, fostering efficient neuromuscular coordination and endurance.

Integration into Sports Science

The study findings demonstrate how classical Ayurvedic regimens can be methodically integrated into sports performance programs. The Rasayana–Yoga model supports an evidence-based approach to natural performance enhancement, without the adverse effects associated with synthetic ergogenic aids. It offers a preventive and restorative strategy for athlete conditioning, emphasizing sustainable adaptation rather than acute stimulation.

In practical terms, the model can serve as a complementary regimen during off-season training or recovery phases, enhancing baseline stamina, reducing oxidative stress, and improving mental clarity. These results hold implications for sports physiologists, Ayurveda researchers, and athletic trainers seeking holistic, safe, and ethical performance optimization methods.

Statistical and Clinical Significance

All major physiological improvements (VO₂ max, endurance, HRR) exhibited p-values < 0.01, indicating high statistical significance. Effect sizes ranged from 0.8 to 1.2, signifying large clinical effects. The convergence of subjective (fatigue, RPE) and objective (VO₂ max, HRR) improvements reinforces internal validity.

The absence of adverse effects or biochemical deviations supports Ashwagandha’s safety profile for sustained use. This affirms its classification as a Rasayana suitable for long-term vitality and endurance enhancement.

Limitations

The study sample size (n = 60) was relatively small, limiting generalizability.

Biochemical parameters such as lactate threshold, cortisol, or antioxidant enzymes were not assessed.

Gender-based and sport-specific subgroup analyses were not conducted.

The study was confined to 16 weeks; long-term follow-up would be necessary to evaluate durability of effects.

Future studies should incorporate biochemical markers, larger multicentric samples, and extended observation periods to validate these findings.

Implications for Future Research

The integration of Rasayana and Yoga warrants further investigation in controlled, multicentric designs incorporating biochemical, hormonal, and molecular endpoints.

Key directions include:

Profiling antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD, GPx, catalase) pre- and post-Rasayana intervention.

Evaluating hormonal responses (cortisol, DHEA, testosterone) to elucidate adaptogenic pathways.

Comparing Ashwagandha with other Rasayana dravyas such as Amalaki and Guduchi.

Developing standardized protocols for sports training centers combining Ayurvedic and modern physiological monitoring.

These extensions will help translate classical Ayurvedic rejuvenation into mainstream sports medicine applications.

Conclusion

The present clinical study provides empirical evidence that the combined administration of Ashwagandha churna (5 g twice daily with milk) and a structured Yogic regimen over 16 weeks significantly enhances endurance, oxygen uptake efficiency, and recovery among sportspersons aged 18–25 years.

Improvements in VO₂ max (+18.5%), endurance time (+20.1%), and heart rate recovery (+45%) were accompanied by decreased fatigue and enhanced Vyayama Shakti. The intervention demonstrated strong statistical significance (p < 0.001) without adverse events.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

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