Figure 1 Illustrates the Lighting Design in Residential Spaces Almrsal (2024).

Table 1 Lighting Measurement Types in Residential Design Lightology (2025).

N

Type

Description

Drawings

1

Kitchen Lighting

To achieve the desired light height above a kitchen island, it is recommended to hang a chandelier or pendant 30 - 36 inches above the island surface. To determine the length of a linear suspension, divide the island into even segments, one higher than the number of pendants desired, as shown in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Lightology (2025).

Figure 2 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Kitchen Lightology (2025).

Figure 3  Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Kitchen Lightology (2025).

Figure 4 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Kitchen Lightology (2025).

2

Dining Room

A dining room pendant light should be 6 inches across, similar to a kitchen island, and positioned 1/2 to ¾ of the circumference of the table, as shown in Figure 5, Lightology (2025).

Figure 5 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Dining Room Lightology (2025).

3

Bathroom

Hang vanity lights at eye level, 60-70 inches from the ground, on the side of the mirror, ¾ of the way across the mirror's width, avoiding the edges, as shown in Figure 6,Figure 7, Lightology (2025).

Figure 6 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Bathroom Lightology (2025).

Figure 7 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Bathroom Lightology (2025).

4

Bedroom

The ideal height for a bedside sconce is 28-30 inches above the top of the mattress, ensuring eye-level reading. It should be within reaching distance from the bed, not too close to be in your way while sleeping, and not too far from the bed, as shown in Figure 8, Lightology (2025).

Figure 8 Illustrates Lighting Measurement in Bedroom Lightology (2025).

5

Recessed

Recessed lighting can be customized based on various factors, such as wall wash effects or artwork lighting. A general rule of thumb is to maintain a distance of 36 to 48 inches between the light and the wall. For 8-foot ceilings, a 4-foot spacing is required, and for 10-foot ceilings, a 5-foot spacing is necessary, as shown in Figure 9, Figure 10, Lightology (2025).

Figure 9 Illustrates Recessed Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 10 Illustrates Recessed Lighting Lightology (2025).

6

Suspensions

To ensure proper light output and adequate breathing room, it is recommended to provide 4 feet of clearance, especially when hanging fixtures near doors, as shown in Figure 11, Figure 12, Lightology (2025).

Figure 11 Illustrates Suspensions Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 12 Illustrates Suspensions Lighting Lightology (2025).

7

Track

A versatile solution can be adjusted to suit various applications, including artwork, reading, cooking, and general lighting. Spacing them 2' to 4' apart ensures ample lighting, with the ability to adjust the distance as needed, as shown in Figure 13, Figure 14, Lightology (2025).

Figure 13 Illustrates Track Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 14 Illustrates Track Lighting Lightology (2025).

8

Wall

Light switch height typically ranges from 48 to 48 inches, making it accessible to people of all ages. Wall sconces should be placed 8-10 feet apart for even lighting, taking into account both lumen output and the wall layout, as shown in Figure 15, Figure 16, Lightology (2025).

Figure 15 Illustrates Wall Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 16 Illustrates Wall Lighting Lightology (2025).

9

Outdoor

Outdoor wall lights should be placed on either side of the door or on the same side as the doorknob for optimal illumination. Path lights should be spaced 6-8 feet apart but may need to be closer together depending on the lumen output. For indoor walkways, a safe bet is to place them closer to the doorknob for better illumination, as shown in Figure 17, Lightology (2025).

Figure 17 Illustrates Outdoor Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 18 Illustrates the Significance of Light in the Perception of Spaces. Allen (2024)

Figure 19 Illustrates the Design Environment of the Kitchen Through Different Light Design Units Allen (2024).

Figure 20 Illustrates the Design Environment of the Kitchen Through Different Light Design Units Allen (2024).

Figure 21 Illustrates the Impact of Warm Lighting in Changing Moods and Perceptions for Humans to Feel Comfortable in the Space Lightology (2018).

Figure 22 Illustrates Harmonious Combination of Color and Light in Living Space Lightology (2018).

Figure 23 Illustrates Dark, Colorful Lighting that Reflects the Impact or Romantic Atmosphere Lightology (2018).

Figure 24 Illustrate the Design of Pendant Lighting in Different Spaces that Combine Light and Color Effects Abbattista (2025).

Figure 25 Illustrate the Design of Pendant Lighting in Different Spaces that Combine Light and Color Effects Abbattista (2025)

Table 2 Types of Lighting on Function Edwards and Torcellini (2002).

A.

The Design of Ambient Lighting

B.

The Design of Task Lighting

C.

The Design of Accent Lighting

Figure 26 Illustrates Ambient Lighting Allen (2024).

Figure 27 Illustrates Task Lighting Allen (2024).

Figure 28 Illustrates Accent Lighting Lightology (2018).

It acts as the primary light source, producing consistent light. Ambient lighting has a significant impact on a room's overall atmosphere. While softer lighting might promote relaxation, bright ambient light can foster openness and dynamism, as shown in Figure 26

This lighting is designed for tasks such as working or reading. It lessens eye strain and enhances attention. Task lighting is crucial in home offices and study areas, as shown in Figure 27, to improve productivity.

Accent lighting can accentuate a space's unique qualities and create a sense of drama, as shown in Figure 28, Lightology (2018).

Table 3 Types of Lighting and Aesthetic Factors Edwards and Torcellini (2002).

Warm Lighting

Cool Lighting

Natural Lighting

Figure 29 Illustrates Warm Lighting Lightology (2018).

Figure 30 Illustrates Cool Lighting Lightology (2025).

Figure 31 Illustrates Natural Lighting Allen (2024).

Warm light creates a cozy, intimate atmosphere by emulating the natural tones of sunsets, as shown in Figure 29, Lightology (2025).

Commercial settings, such as offices and retail stores, frequently employ cool, bright lighting (between 4000K and 5000K) to promote focus and alertness. This type of lighting can give a room an energetic feel and simulate natural daylight. However, prolonged exposure to cool light may occasionally increase stress levels if not properly balanced, as shown in Figure 30, Lightology (2025).

In living and working spaces, natural light is particularly crucial as it can boost productivity and foster a sense of openness to the outside world, as shown in Figure 31, Lightology (2025).

Table 4 Key Features of Sustainable Lighting Design Ozenen (2023).

Energy Efficiency

Sustainable lighting design prioritizes energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption and mitigate environmental impacts of lighting systems Ozenen (2023).

Daylight Harvesting

Sustainable lighting design employs daylighting strategies to optimize natural light sources and decrease the need for artificial lighting Ozenen (2023).

Reduce Light Pollution

Sustainable lighting design minimizes light pollution by reducing the amount of light that escapes into the sky or neighboring properties Ozenen (2023).

Use of Environmentally Friendly Materials

Sustainable lighting utilizes environmentally friendly materials, including recycled and biodegradable components Ozenen (2023).

Lighting Controls

Sustainable lighting design utilizes lighting controls to adjust lighting levels according to occupancy, daylight availability, and user preferences, thereby reducing energy consumption Ozenen (2023).

Human-Centered Lighting

Sustainable lighting prioritizes the health and well-being of building occupants by utilizing lighting that supports circadian rhythms and promotes productivity Ozenen (2023).

Maintainability and Serviceability

Sustainable lighting design prioritizes systems that are easy to maintain and service, reducing waste and promoting sustainability Ozenen (2023).

Figure 32 Illustrates Biophilic Design that Utilizes Natural Lighting in the Spaces to Enhance Well-Being Sculptform (2021).

Figure 33 Illustrates Biophilic Design that Utilizes Natural Lighting in the Spaces to Enhance Well-Being Sculptform (2021).

Figure 34 Illustrates Natural Light in the Landscape Space Marchese (2024).

Figure 35 Illustrates Organic Shapes and Emphasizes How Biophilic Design Employs Natural Light to Improve Human Lives Marchese (2024).

Figure 36 Illustrates Sunlight, Green Walls, and Glare Control to Ensure Visual Comfort in the Spaces Marchese (2024).

Figure 37 Illustrates Sunlight, Green Walls, and Glare Control to Ensure Visual Comfort in the Spaces Marchese (2024).

Figure 38 Illustrates the Skylights and Professional Lighting Balance Brightness, Color, and Contrast in the Space Snapshots (2024).

Figure 39 Illustrates Design Lighting in the Living Spaces that Enhance Concentration and Well-Being for Users Edwardgeorgelondon (2024).

Figure 40 Illustrates Design Lighting in the Living Spaces that Enhance Concentration and Well-Being for Users Edwardgeorgelondon (2024).

Figure 41 Illustrates Creative Design that Presents Different Experiences in the Living Space Abbattista (2025).

Figure 42 Illustrates Colorful LED Technology in Lighting Design that Creates an Impressive Atmosphere in the Spaces Edwardgeorgelondon (2024).

Figure 43 Illustrates Colorful LED Technology in Lighting Design that Creates an Impressive Atmosphere in the Spaces Edwardgeorgelondon (2024).

Figure 44 Illustrates A Modern Track and Monorail Lighting Solution that Offers Versatile, Stylish, and Practical Lighting for Walls, Featuring Multiple Track Head Options and Continuous Runs Lightology (2018).

Table 5 Technological Advances in Lighting Design Types Edwards and Torcellini (2002).

Smart Lighting

Energy Efficiency

Figure 45 Illustrates Smart Lighting in Interior Design Lightology (2025).

Figure 46  Illustrates LED Technology in Living Room Space Lightology (2018).

Intelligent lighting systems can be configured to replicate natural light patterns, enhancing productivity and overall well-being, as shown in Figure 45, Lightology (2025).

Thanks to advancements in LED technology, lighting is now more environmentally friendly and energy efficient. Contemporary designers can produce energy-efficient, aesthetically pleasing, environmentally conscious, and practical lighting designs that contribute to a building's certification as a green building, as shown in Figure 46, Lightology (2025).

Figure 47 Illustrates Warm Dim Technology Lightology (2025).

Figure 48 Illustrates Warm Dim Technology Lightology (2025).

Figure 49 Illustrates LED Lamps, Providing A Relaxed Environment through Warm Dim LED Technology Lightology (2025).

Table 6 Illustrate Case Studies of Lighting Applications Inc (2011).

Case Study 1 Google’s Office Design

Description of Project

Lighting Design

7.1

Lighting design plays a significant role in Google's well-known emphasis on employee well-being at its offices worldwide. Combining energy-efficient LED lighting, natural light sources, and adjustable task lighting creates a well-balanced workspace that increases productivity. This method highlights the importance of having a variety of illumination sources available to support various activities throughout the day, as shown in Figure 50

Figure 50 Illustrates Google’s Office Design Interior Inc (2011).

Table 7 Illustrate Case Studies of Lighting Applications.

Case Study 2 Healthcare Facilities

Description of Project

Lighting Design

7.2

The illumination in medical institutions is intended to help patients heal and feel less stressed. Research has demonstrated, for instance, that patients recovering in rooms with abundant natural light typically experience less pain and require fewer prescription medications than those in rooms with less light. Using circadian lighting systems in these settings helps maintain a sense of time, facilitating better sleep and overall recovery, as shown in Figure 51.

Figure 51 Illustrates the Interior Design of Healthcare.

Table 8 Illustrate Case Studies of Lighting Applications Pymnts (2016).

Case Study 3: Starbucks Reserve Roastery, Seattle

Description of Project

Lighting Design

7.3

The Starbucks Reserve Roastery in Seattle features an immersive lighting design that enhances the sensory experience of coffee tasting. The combination of accent lighting focused on the brewing apparatus and natural light streaming through large windows creates a pleasing ambiance. This thoughtful lighting design encourages customer engagement and enhances the overall experience, as shown in Figure 52.

Figure 52 Illustrates Warm Lighting Design in Starbucks Pymnts (2016).

Table 9 The Workshop Projects of Design Psychology Course (603203) in the Department of Design, Oman College of Management and Technology (OCMT)  OCMT (2024).

Projects: Rendering Different 3D Fashion Retail Stores to Measure the Impact of Lighting Color on Consumers Using AI Tools OCMT (2024).

8.1.1 Workshop Description

The workshop discusses a study examining the impact of lighting colors on consumer behavior in 3D fashion retail stores. Students will utilize AI tools to develop virtual models of various retail environments with distinct lighting scenarios. The goal is to measure the effects of these lighting variations on consumers' shopping experiences, mood, purchase intentions, and store ambiance. The workshop enhances customer engagement and sales. The findings can help optimize store designs and lighting, leading to increased customer satisfaction and sales OCMT (2024).

8.1.2 Workshop Aims

The workshop explores the impact of lighting color on consumer behavior in fashion retail store design. The workshop involves creating realistic 3D visualizations of various store layouts to simulate different lighting conditions through AI tools. It also examines how lighting color affects product views, with warm lighting creating a cozy atmosphere and more astonishing lighting enhancing a modern or sleek appearance. The workshop aims to foster an understanding of how shoppers respond to these lighting colors, including their emotional reactions and purchasing decisions. The use of AI tools helps identify patterns and correlations between lighting color and consumer behavior. The findings could help students make informed decisions about store design and lighting strategies to improve customer engagement and increase sales. The students created various examples of lighting design based on the same given plan. Additionally, these results demonstrate the impact of color lighting on consumers in fashion store design, as illustrated in the given floor plan for the store (Figures 53, 54) OCMT (2024).

Figure 53 Illustrate the Given Fashion Store Floor Plan in the Workshop, Including Aan Area of 10 M² × 10 M² OCMT (2024).

Figure 54 Illustrate the Given Fashion Store Floor Plan in the Workshop, Including Aan Area of 10 M² × 10 M² OCMT (2024).

8.1.3 Workshop Results, Including 3D Modeling with Rendering.

N

Lighting Design and Color

The study of Impact color lighting on consumer

Project

8.1

Pink and White LED Lighting

·        Pink lighting, associated with romance and femininity, creates a soft, inviting atmosphere that appeals to young women and women's fashion stores, as shown in Figure 55, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Provide influence consumer behavior and brand perception.

·        Create a welcoming atmosphere.

·        Appealed to female demographics.

·        Enhance visual merchandising.

·        Establish strong brand identity.

Create psychological effects.

Figure 55 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Pink and White LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.2

Black and Pink LED Lighting

·        Pink lighting enhances clothing and accessories' visual appeal, creating vibrant colors and textures and establishing a brand's identity and emotional connection with customers, as shown in Figure 56, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Create a balance of sophistication and warmth.

·        Create visually striking space.

·        Cater to diverse consumer preferences.

·        Increase foot traffic and sales.

Enhance consumer experience, engagement, and sales.

Figure 56 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Pink LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.3

Pink and Black LED Lighting

·        Pink lighting influences consumer behavior by creating a warm, inviting atmosphere that promotes comfort, relaxation, and playfulness, thereby encouraging more extended store visits and increased merchandise engagement. , as shown in Figure 57, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Emphasize clarity and a modern aesthetic.

·        Add warmth and approachability.

Enhance the shopping experience, optimize product visibility, and align with brand identity.

Figure 57 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Pink LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.4

Light pink LED Lighting

·        Pink lighting is connected to romance and femininity, as shown in Figure 58, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Influence consumer perceptions.

Drive sales and enhance brand loyalty.

Figure 58 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Light Pink LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.5

White and Light Purple LED Lighting

·        Purple lighting adds refinement and exclusivity, appealing to customers looking for distinctive trends, as shown in Figure 59, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Enhance aesthetic appeal.

·        Influence consumer emotions.

Drive purchasing decisions.

Figure 59 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with White and Light Purple LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.6

Green and Yellow LED Lighting

§  Green lighting is linked to nature and calm, spotlights eco-friendly goods, and creates a refreshing atmosphere that fosters peaceful and harmonious shopping, as shown in Figure 60, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Create an environment that is both energetic and calming.

·        Draw customers in, encouraging them to browse.

·        Highlight products or areas.

·        Influence purchasing decisions.

Shape consumer perceptions and behaviors.

Figure 60 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Yellow and Green LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.7

Yellow LED Lighting

·        Yellow lighting, a cheerful and optimistic color, can evoke feelings of happiness and impulse buying; however, excessive brightness can cause eye strain and discomfort, as shown in Figure 61, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Creates a joyful environment.

·        Enhance product visibility.

Encourage more extended shopping experiences.

Figure 61 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Yellow LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.8

White with Light Orange LED Lighting

·        Orange lighting, which combines red energy and yellow happiness, is energetic and playful, making it ideal for casual fashion brands or collaborative spaces that stimulate enthusiasm and social interaction, as shown in Figure 62, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Create a visually stimulating environment.

·        Attract customers.

·        Enhance the shopping experience.

Align with brand values.

Figure 62 Illustrate a 3D Rendering of the Fashion Store with White Light Orange LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.9

Black with Orange LED Lighting

·        Orange lighting, which blends yellow joy with red energy, is lively and fun, making it perfect for casual fashion businesses or group areas that encourage excitement and social engagement, as shown in Figure 63, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

Enhance ambiance, attracting high-end consumers, but excessive use can be heavy or intimidating if not balanced with other elements.

Figure 63 Illustrate a 3D Rendering of the Fashion Store with Orange LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.10

Off-white LED Lighting

·        Off-white lighting creates a cozy, inviting atmosphere that enhances the appearance of products and fosters positive feelings about merchandise, complementing various styles, as shown in Figure 64, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Enhance aesthetics.

·        Shape consumer experiences.

Encourage sales.

Figure 64 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Off-white LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.11

White with Gray and Yellow LED Lighting

·        Gray lighting creates a neutral, sophisticated backdrop, evoking calmness and stability while highlighting colors without overpowering them. It conveys a trendy and contemporary style, appealing to fashion-forward shoppers, as shown in Figure 65, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Influence consumer perception and behavior.

·        Enhance the shopping experience.

Influence purchasing decisions.

Figure 65 Illustrate a 3D Rendering of the Fashion Store with white and Yellow LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.12

White with Black and Red LED Lighting

·        Red lighting, which is linked to passion and excitement, can effectively highlight promotional displays and create a sense of urgency, but too much of it can be overbearing, as shown in Figure 66, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Create dynamic, visually appealing environments.

·        Enhance product visibility and influence purchase decisions.

Transform the store into an immersive experience that fosters brand loyalty.

Figure 66 Illustrate a 3D Rendering of the Fashion Store with white and Red LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.13

Blue LED Lighting

·        Blue lighting evokes a sense of calmness and trust, making it ideal for luxury brands and promoting relaxation in consumers during purchasing decisions, as shown in Figure 67, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Enhance customer experience.

·        Influence product perception.

·        Drive sales through psychological and aesthetic effects.

Combine with layout, decor, and music.

Figure 67 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Blue LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.14

Black and Purple LED Lighting

·        Purple lighting, associated with luxury and creativity, enhances sophistication and exclusivity, making it ideal for high-fashion areas and showcasing premium products, appealing to consumers seeking unique styles, as shown in Figure 68, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Influence product perception.

·        Create an inviting atmosphere.

Enhance the shopping experience.

Figure 68 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Purple LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.15

Black and Green LED Lighting

·        Green lighting, associated with nature and tranquility, creates a refreshing ambiance that promotes harmony and peace, encourages leisurely shopping, and highlights eco-friendly brands, as shown in Figure 69, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Create a dynamic visual experience.

·        Guide consumer attention.

·        Highlight highlighted products.

·        Promote the brand's sustainability and luxury values.

Enhance aesthetic appeal and align with shoppers' emotional motivations.

Figure 69 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Green LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.16

Black with Pink and Blue LED Lighting

·        Blue lighting evokes calmness and trust, making it ideal for luxury brands and promoting relaxation in consumers during purchasing decisions OCMT (2024).

·        Pink lighting, often associated with romance and femininity, creates a soft, inviting atmosphere that appeals to young women and women's fashion stores, as shown in Figure 70.

The results of the design:

·        Cater to fashion trends.

·        Elicit emotional responses.

·        Promote customer engagement.

·        Enhance brand identity and consumer engagement.

Promote more extended visits and potential sales.

Figure 70 Illustrate a 3D Rendering of the Fashion Store with Pink and Blue LED Lighting OCMT (2024).

8.17

Black and Red LED Lighting

·        Red lighting, which is often associated with passion and excitement, can draw attention to promotional displays and instill a sense of urgency. However, excessive use of red in promotional displays can be overwhelming, as shown in Figure 71, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Enhance the shopping experience.

·        Influence purchasing decisions.

Contribute to store brand identity.

Figure 71 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with Red LED Lighting OCMT (2024)

8.18

Black and White Lighting

·        White lighting creates a modern atmosphere, enhances visibility, and creates an inviting atmosphere, making clothing and accessories more appealing and vibrant, as shown in Figure 72, OCMT (2024).

The results of the design:

·        Enhance aesthetic value.

·        Shape consumer experience and behavior.

·        Communicate brand values.

Influence purchasing decisions.

Figure 72 Illustrate a 3D Render of the Fashion Store with White Lighting OCMT (2024)