Research on the Evaluation System for Training Field Engineers in the Manufacturing Industry of Vocational Education under the Background of New Industrialization Haibo Yi 1 1 Shenzhen
Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China 2 China
Academy of Industrial Internet, Beijing, China 3 Ministry
of Industry and Information Technology Education and Examination Center,
Beijing, China
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Urgent need to cultivate undergraduate level vocational education on-site engineers in the context of new industrialization In the process of promoting new industrialization, the cultivation of high-level engineering teams is particularly important. Although China has the world's largest engineering education system and a total of over 20 million engineers, it is noteworthy that we still face a talent gap of over 20 million, especially the shortage of high-quality technical and skilled engineers, which has become a bottleneck restricting development. To this end, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and other five departments have jointly implemented a special training plan for on-site engineers since 2022. This plan aims to mobilize no less than 500 vocational colleges and 1000 enterprises to participate by 2025, and jointly cultivate at least 200000 on-site engineers. In the context of new industrialization, vocational colleges at the undergraduate level have more advantages in cultivating on-site engineers in the advanced manufacturing industry compared to colleges at the intermediate and vocational levels. They are more in line with the needs of the new industrialization process driven by technological innovation, and can provide strong talent support for the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry towards high-end, digital, intelligent, and green directions, thereby promoting the effective improvement of quality and reasonable growth of quantity in the manufacturing industry Donovan et al. (2022), Lampon & Rivo-Lopez (2022), Sarbu (2022). Starting from the
demand for manufacturing talents in China's new industrialization process, this
article analyzes the current situation and problems
of the engineer training evaluation system, explores and constructs a training
evaluation system and implementation path for vocational undergraduate on-site
engineers, in order to provide guidance for building a
high-level engineering team in new industrialization. 2. Current situation and problems in the evaluation of on-site engineer training 1)
Current status of research on training methods and paths for on-site engineers The key to
cultivating on-site engineers is "on-site". No less than scholars
have explored the training of on-site engineers from the perspective of
standardized training modes Mostow & Wohlers (2022), Kuang & Li (2022), Djuniardi et al. (2022), Braglia et al. (2024), such as constructing a standardized
training mode for on-site engineers in vocational colleges, proposing the
construction of training standards for "professional certification+vocational
qualification certificates", and proposing the reconstruction of a
standardized system for integrating theory and practice courses; In terms of
training paths, we discussed the training of on-site engineers from the
perspectives of value implications and paths, and explored effective paths for
cultivating talents through the collaborative mode of industry and education
from the perspective of improving the quality of talent training; Analyze the practical experience of on-site engineer
training from the perspective of industries such as elevators, molds, and steel; Analyzed the
value, challenges, and paths of on-site engineer training from the perspective
of the skills development framework of the International Labour Organization. 2)
Current
Status and Shortcomings of Research on the Training of Field Engineers in
Undergraduate Vocational Education Since its launch
in 2019, undergraduate vocational education has received widespread attention
from various sectors, including academia Teixeira & Tavares-Lehmann
(2023), Ramos-Maldonado &
Aguilera-Carrasco (2022), Brown (2022), Wang et al. (2024). How to carry out on-site engineer training
in undergraduate vocational colleges has also become a hot research topic. Many
scholars have proposed new ideas, models, and methods, such as systematically
constructing a "one main line, two supports, three directions, and six
key" undergraduate level vocational education on-site engineer training
path; Positioning the training standards for vocational undergraduate on-site
engineers as engineering technology oriented, ability composite oriented, and
practical innovation oriented; The proposal of the on-site engineer plan will
promote the development of vocational undergraduate majors towards matching,
distinctive, and high-quality directions; Taking 321 engineering related
professional talent training programs from the first batch of 32 vocational
undergraduate colleges in China as samples, this paper analyzes
the logical dimension, practical difficulties, and path optimization of on-site
engineer training in vocational undergraduate colleges. These studies provide
effective theoretical support for vocational undergraduate colleges to carry
out on-site engineer training, but there is still a lack of systematic research
in the evaluation of training effectiveness Kahyarara & Teal (2022), Mao et al. (2024), Kuang & Li (2022), Paek (2023). 3. Evaluation principles for on-site engineer training in undergraduate vocational education 1)
The
requirements of new industrialization for on-site engineers in undergraduate
vocational education The flourishing
new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation has built
an immensely broad growth stage for new industrialization and endowed it with
enormous development potential. The new industrialization, with its distinctive
characteristics of high-end, digitalization, intelligence, and greenization, is gradually shaping a new appearance of
modern industry. High end development not only means the optimization and
upgrading of industrial structure, but also represents the outstanding
improvement of product quality. It requires us to continuously pursue
excellence in technology and management, and promote
the extension of the industry to the high-end of the value chain.
Digitalization represents the deep integration of industry and digital
technology. Industry digitization drives the transformation and upgrading of
traditional industries, while digital industrialization gives birth to new
economic growth points. Intelligence is the deep integration of artificial
intelligence and manufacturing industry. Through the application of intelligent
technology, the automation and intelligence of the production process are
achieved, improving production efficiency and quality. Greenization
emphasizes the harmonious coexistence between industrial development and
environmental protection, promotes low-carbon industrial development, and
achieves sustainable development. Therefore, the
new industrialization has put forward clear and urgent requirements for the
training of on-site engineers in undergraduate vocational education. We need to
cultivate on-site engineers with high professional competence, innovative
spirit, and practical ability. They should not only have profound theoretical
knowledge, but also have practical operation ability, be able to proficiently
master and apply new technologies and processes, and
promote the rapid development of new industrialization. At the same time, they
should also have a high sense of responsibility and mission, actively engage in
the practice of new industrialization, and contribute their own strength to
promoting the modernization process of China's industry. 2)
Principles
of on-site engineer evaluation ·
Strengthen
the evaluation of craftsmanship spirit To guide
enterprises to form their own unique comparative advantages, promote the spirit
of craftsmanship, strengthen brand building, cultivate more "century old
stores", and enhance product competitiveness. When evaluating on-site
engineers, it is important to highlight and strengthen the assessment and
evaluation of apprentices in terms of finely crafted products and pursuit of
ultimate quality. This means that we expect apprentices to demonstrate a spirit
of striving for excellence and perfection in every process of production and
every detail of products, in order to promote the
continuous improvement of industrial manufacturing level. ·
Highlight
the "on-site" attribute of evaluation The most
prominent feature of on-site engineers compared to other types of engineers is
their "on-site" nature. Specifically, this includes a precise
assessment of their on-site operational capabilities to verify their
proficiency and accuracy in actual operations; Conduct an in-depth assessment
of their on-site process knowledge to verify whether they have rich practical
experience and a solid theoretical foundation; A comprehensive examination of
their on-site management capabilities to determine whether they can effectively
organize and coordinate on-site work; A detailed observation of their on-site
collaboration ability to evaluate their communication and collaboration
abilities in team collaboration; And conduct a survey on the satisfaction of
their on-site service recipients to understand their performance and
effectiveness in serving customers. ·
Evaluation
should follow the rules of project and task implementation The manufacturing
industry, especially high-end manufacturing projects, has its unique and
inherent operating rules. When evaluating on-site engineers, it is important to
ensure that the evaluation process is closely linked to the actual operational
logic of the manufacturing industry. Specifically, evaluation should closely
consider the progress of the project and the specific requirements of the task,
comprehensively and comprehensively from multiple dimensions, including the
engineer's actual operational ability, process application level, management
and coordination ability, and service effectiveness. Through this evaluation
method, not only can it ensure that the evaluation process conforms to the
actual situation of the manufacturing industry, but it can also accurately
reflect the professional ability and comprehensive quality of engineers,
providing strong talent support for the sustainable development of the
manufacturing industry. ·
Reflect
the innovative orientation of evaluation results Technological innovation is the core driving force in the process of new industrialization, injecting a continuous stream of vitality into industrial development. When evaluating on-site engineers, attention should be paid not only to their professional abilities in technical implementation and problem-solving, but also to their innovative thinking and outstanding achievements demonstrated in on-site practice. This evaluation method aims to motivate engineers to continuously explore new technologies and methods, drive the sustainable development of the manufacturing industry through innovation, and promote the industry to achieve higher levels of innovation and upgrading. Figure 1
·
Highlighting
the evaluation of artificial intelligence and digital technology Digitization and
intelligence, as significant symbols of new industrialization, have brought
unprecedented changes to modern manufacturing industry. It is necessary to
focus on assessing the professional competence and application ability of
engineers in the fields of intelligence and digitization, and deeply explore
their technological innovation and practical achievements in modern
manufacturing environments. Through this evaluation, the aim is to emphasize
the important role of engineers in promoting the transformation and upgrading
of the manufacturing industry in the digital age, in order to
better meet the urgent needs of manufacturing development. 4. Evaluation system for on-site
engineer training in undergraduate vocational education 1)
Evaluation
system framework Based on the
principles of strengthening the spirit of craftsmanship and highlighting the
"on-site" attribute of evaluation, a undergraduate level on-site
engineer evaluation system for manufacturing vocational education is
established, with enterprises (enterprise mentors and colleagues), universities
(teachers and students), and third parties (upstream and downstream of the
industry chain, service objects, etc.) as the evaluation subjects (as shown in Figure 1), to provide high skilled talent support
for the high-end, digitalization, intelligence, and greening of new
industrialization. 2)
Evaluation
Content Framework The evaluation
content of on-site engineers in undergraduate vocational education mainly
includes six dimensions: craftsmanship spirit, operational ability, process
knowledge, management ability, collaboration ability, and innovation ability
(as shown in Figure 2). ·
Evaluation
of craftsmanship spirit The evaluation of
the spirit of craftsmanship should comprehensively consider their performance
in persistence, excellence, meticulousness, and pursuit of excellence. Through
these evaluation contents, we can more accurately grasp their level of craftsmanship
quality and literacy. ·
Evaluation
of operational ability The evaluation of
operational ability should be based on the specific operational performance of
the apprentice in specific positions such as production and manufacturing,
testing and assembly, trial production, and equipment operation and
maintenance. The evaluation of operational ability should pay more attention to
the reflection of on-site ability. Figure 2
·
Evaluation
of process knowledge The evaluation of
process knowledge should include related process knowledge such as processing
and assembly, welding and riveting, heat treatment and surface treatment,
automation, etc. The evaluation of process knowledge should place greater
emphasis on the depth and breadth of knowledge. ·
Management
capability evaluation The evaluation of
management ability should include project management, team management,
decision-making ability, and problem-solving ability. The main body for
evaluating management capabilities should be corporate executives or direct
responsible persons. ·
Collaboration
ability evaluation The evaluation of
collaborative ability should include communication skills, internal
collaboration, cross disciplinary collaboration, and an international
perspective. The evaluation of collaborative ability should focus on the
performance of apprentices in communicating and collaborating with external
enterprises and organizations. ·
Evaluation
of Innovation Capability The evaluation of
innovation capability should include innovative thinking and awareness,
technological innovation, management innovation, cross-border integration and
innovation. The evaluation of innovation capability should be guided by
achievement innovation, such as the formation of invention patents, papers,
etc. 5. Reform measures and typical cases The trend of
evaluation reform for field engineers in the manufacturing industry can be
summarized as follows: 1)
Classification
management and scientific evaluation Emphasis on
classified management, and develop a more scientific
evaluation system based on the professional ability, performance and
contribution of professional and technical personnel, as well as the
innovation, achievement transformation and market application of enterprise
technical personnel. Such adjustments not only make the evaluation more
realistic, but also give every engineer a chance to show their unique value. 2)
Break
the "four-only" and focus on practical ability In the past,
academic qualifications, qualifications, papers, and awards often became the
"hard bars" for professional title evaluation, which restricted the
development of many talented and capable engineers. The reform explicitly
breaks this tendency of "only", no longer using these factors as the
only criteria for evaluation, but paying more
attention to the actual work ability of engineers. 3)
Strengthen
supervision to ensure fairness and justice By establishing a
system of integrity files and blacklists for professional title evaluation, we
will strictly deal with units and individuals who violate regulations to ensure
fairness and impartiality in professional title evaluation. 4)
The
evaluation criteria are more strict and comprehensive The new
evaluation criteria not only require applicants to have a solid theoretical
foundation, but also require them to have rich practical experience and
innovative capabilities. Emphasize the importance of transforming and applying
research results, encourage applicants to combine theoretical knowledge with
practice, and promote scientific and technological innovation and industrial
development. 5)
Establish
a diversified qualification certification system Considering
factors such as education, work experience, project experience, and
professional skills, and focusing on practical abilities, we aim to improve the
accuracy of engineer qualification certification. 6)
Improve
the career evaluation system Include factors
such as performance results, innovation ability, and professional ethics into
evaluation indicators to achieve a comprehensive, objective, and fair
evaluation of engineers' careers. Strengthen the application of the evaluation
results of engineers' professionalism, link them with salary and promotion, and
stimulate the enthusiasm and creativity of engineers. 7)
Enhance
the development of the engineering team We focus on
cultivating engineers with innovative spirit, practical ability and
international vision. We will increase support for training, communication, and
introduction of engineers, and improve the overall quality of the engineer
team. 8)
Promote
mutual recognition of international certification for engineers Strengthen
cooperation with international engineer certification organizations, promote
mutual recognition of international engineer certification, and improve the
competitiveness of Chinese engineers in the international market. In summary, the
trend of evaluation reform for on-site engineers in the manufacturing industry
is moving towards a more scientific, fair, comprehensive, diverse, and
international direction. Through reform measures such as classified management,
breaking down the "four-only" approach, strengthening supervision,
setting strict standards, establishing a diverse system, and improving the
professional evaluation system, it will help cultivate more outstanding on-site
engineers and promote the sustainable development and innovation of China's
manufacturing industry. Shenzhen Polytechnic
University actively promotes the reform of the diversified talent training
model, deepens the integration of industry and education, and school enterprise
cooperation, laying a solid foundation for the training of on-site engineers.
Among them, the innovation and practice of the automation technology
application talent training model led by the Huichuan
Industrial Alliance began in 2017, and 7 consecutive order classes have been
held. Through the reform of the training evaluation system, more than 170
automation technology high skilled talents that meet the actual needs of Huichuan Technology Industry Alliance enterprises have been
delivered, and Huichuan technology innovation has
been transformed into new courses, new skills, and new vocational qualification
standards of the school, forming a replicable and promotable "Deep
Vocational Huichuan" model. 6. Conclusion In the context of new industrialization, the training of on-site engineers in undergraduate vocational education has become a key measure to promote the growth of high skilled talents. This article is based on the current demand for talents in the manufacturing industry in China's new industrialization process, and conducts in-depth research and construction of a systematic evaluation system for on-site engineers in undergraduate vocational education in the manufacturing industry. The construction of this system aims to provide strong guidance and support for the construction of a new type of industrialized engineering team with high-level skills and qualities, thereby injecting new impetus into the transformation, upgrading, and sustainable development of China's manufacturing industry.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS None. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.62202316), Special Innovation Projects for Universities in Guangdong Province (No. 2022KTSCX308), Research Projects of Shenzhen Polytechnic (No. 6022310037K), High-level Talents Research Initiation Projects of Shenzhen Polytechnic (No. 6021310026K), Shenzhen Natural Science Foundation (No. 20200821082500001). REFERENCES Braglia, M., Paco, F. D., Frosolini, M., Gabbrielli, R., & Marrazzini, L. (2024). Exploring the Relationship Between Project Cost Deployment and Industry 4.0 through an Industrial Application in an Engineer-to-Order Environment.Procedia Computer Science, 232, 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.01.014 Brown, D. A. (2022). Enhancing Graduate, Undergraduate, and Vocational School Education with Research and Development Internships and Capstone Projects. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 151(4), A114-A114. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0010825 Djuniardi, D., Jumantini, E., & Jamhari, A. (2022). Trading Volume, Earnings Per Share and Stock Returns and their Impact on Bid-Ask Spreads on Manufacturing Industry Sector Stocks Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2015-2018. JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia). https://doi.org/10.29210/020221467 Donovan, R. P., Kim, Y. G., Manzo, A., Ren, Y., Bian, S., Wu, T., Purawat, S., Helvajian, H., Wheaton, M., Li, B., Li, G.-P. (2022). Smart Connected Worker Edge Platform for Smart Manufacturing: Part 2-Implementation and On-Site Deployment Case Study.Journal of Advanced Manufacturing and Processing. https://doi.org/10.1002/amp2.10130 Kahyarara, G. W., & Teal, F. (2022). General or Vocational Education? Evidences from the Returns to Education in Tanzanian Manufacturing Firms. Kang, K., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., Ken, Lee, K. H., Wan, S. K. W., Huang, G. Q., & Zhong. R. Y. (2023). Blockchain Opportunities for Construction Industry in Hong Kong: A Case Study of RISC and Site Diary. Construction Innovation, 23(2), 443-466. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-08-2021-0153 Kuang, Y., & Li, Z. (2022). Personal Value Orientation, Expectation Confirmation and Choice Behavior: A Perspective of Sustainable Higher Vocational Development.International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning: Encouraging the Unified Approach to Achieve Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170727 Lampon, J. F., & Rivo-Lopez, E. (2022). The Effect of the Industry Technology Intensity on the Drivers of Manufacturing Backshoring. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, (1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMTM-03-2021-0071 Mao, W., Sun, H., Wang, W., & Luo, D. (2024). Factor Reallocation Path for Low-Carbon Transformation: A Perspective of Manufacturing Industry Ecosystem. Energy Economics, 134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107620 Mostow, N., & Wohlers, T. (2022). Additive Manufacturing: State of the Industry. Manufacturing Engineering, (4), 168. Paek, K. J. (2023). A Survey on the Needs of the Garment Manufacturing Industry in Busan for the Development of Fashion Major Education Program. The Research Journal of the Costume Culture. https://doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2023.31.2.213 Ramos-Maldonado, M., & Aguilera-Carrasco, C. (2022). Trends and Opportunities of Industry 4.0 in Wood Manufacturing Processes. Chapters. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99581 Sarbu, M. (2022). The Impact of Industry 4.0 on Innovation Performance: Insights from German Manufacturing and Service Firms. Technovation: The International Journal of Technological Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Technology Management, 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102415 Teixeira, J. E., & Tavares-Lehmann, A. T. (2023). Industry 4.0: The Future of Manufacturing from the Perspective of Business and Economics - A Bibliometric Literature Review. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal, 33(2), 458-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/CR-07-2022-0091 Wang, B., Zheng, L., Wang, Y., Fang, W., & Wang, L. (2024). Towards the Industry 5.0 Frontier: Review and Prospect of XR in Product Assembly. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 74, 777-811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.05.002
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