ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT OF COARSE AGGREGATE PARTIAL SUBSTITUTION WITH GRANITE FRAGMENTS IN THE COMPOSITION OF CONCRETE MIXTURE MATERIALS TOWARD CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

 

Taufik Dwi Laksono ¹, Dwi Sri Wiyanti ²

 

^{1, 2} Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Wijayakusuma University Purwokerto, Jl. Beji Kampus Karangsalam Purwokerto, Indonesia

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Concrete compressive strength is the number of loads per unit area that broke concrete test objects when exposed to specific pressing force produced by the press machine. Compared to the other characteristics, concrete compressive strength is the most important characteristic of concrete quality. The compressive strength of concrete is determined by the ratio setting among cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and water.

Of the many conducted concrete tests, the compressive strength test is the most important because it describes the characteristics of concrete.

Many studies conducted to get the best quality and compressive strength of concrete. One of the methods is by modifying the basic mixture of concrete. A basic mixture of concrete consists of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. A basic mixture of concrete can be modified with alternative materials that is fine aggregate, or by modifying the type of sand as an alternative material.

Hadi (2020) conducted a study on the effect of adding granite waste on concrete compressive strength, the result shows that normal concrete compressive strength is 26.09 Mpa. By adding 8%, 10%, and 12% of granite waste, the compressive strength for each addition is 24.58 Mpa, 22.69 Mpa, and 21.28 Mpa.  The addition of granite waste in normal concrete turns out to lessen the concrete compressive strength. The higher the addition percentage the lower the compressive strength of concrete. This study concluded that normal concrete compressive strength is better than concrete.     

A study on the effect of using unpolished granite waste as partial coarse aggregate substitution towards K-175 Concrete compressive strength was conducted by Luthful (2023), he used various mixture proportions to find proportion variants that produce the best compressive strength. The variants created are 50% pure material and 50% waste material. The use of 80% waste material and 20% pure material in K-175 concrete achieved the planned quality that meets the concrete mix job.   

Zarkasih (2023) conducted a study on granite waste and zeolite utilization as coarse aggregate substitution and zeolite as cement substitution in Self Compacting Concrete. The study concluded that using granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution and zeolite as cement substitution improves the quality of concrete if applied with the proper percentage between those two materials. 

Wahyu Hudha et al. (2019) conducted a study on High early strength concrete innovation by utilization of granite waste, clamshell, and fly ash. The study concluded that innovation concrete is more environmentally friendly because it uses waste materials that reduce the waste that disrupt environmental sustainability.

Dominggus et al. (2019) conducted a study on the effect of adding granite tile powder waste on the characteristics of normal concrete. The result shows that concrete with 5% granite powder produces the optimum result of 34.96 MPa compressive strength in 28 days, 2.77 MPa tensile strength, and 35875 MPa elasticity modulus. 

Arruna Rodhi et al. (2021) in the study of the industrial waste concrete for sustainable development using American Concrete Institute (ACI) planning method and EFNARC standard created three (3) concrete cylinders with the size of 15cm x 30cm and one (1) cube with the size of 15cm x 15cm by adding iron powder as much as 10% of the total fine aggregate, steel slag, and granite as much as 50% of the total coarse aggregate, marble powder as much as 10% of the total cement, and Sika Viscocrete 1003 as much as 1,5% were used in Civil Engineering laboratory of Muhammadiyah Surakarta University with f’cr 45 MPa. The study is expected to become an innovation of concrete that is more sustainable, environmentally friendly, efficient, and economical than conventional concrete.

This study used a destructive method to test the compressive strength of concrete that mixed with coarse aggregate addition material from granite waste that was combined with natural aggregate and then compared with normal concrete. The sand that is used are the Serayu River and Mount Merapi Sand. The problem of this study is formulated as follows :

1)     What is the effect of granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution towards concrete compressive strength?

2)     How does the use of Mount Merapi sand compare to the Serayu River sand for normal concrete and one of concrete mixture types?

Granite waste is the remainder or fragments from granite mining. By using granite waste, the researchers aimed to utilize mining waste products properly. Granite was chosen because it was rarely used and left piled up and scattered around the mining area.

 

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS

In conducting a study of concrete compressive strength observation on the mixture composition towards concrete mixture materials, the materials that being used are :

1)    Coarse aggregate from granite waste

According to SNI-03-2847-2002, coarse aggregate is gravel formed from the natural disintegration of rock or crushed stone produced by the stone-crushing industry and has a grain size between 5mm and 40mm. For the gravels to be used, the following conditions must be fulfilled :

·        Permanent non-porous hard grain, which means it is not broken by weather influences such as sunlight and rain.

·        Not contain more than 1% of mud, if the mud exceeds 1% then it should be washed before use.

·        Not contain substances that can damage rock such as substances that are reactive to alkali.

·        Flat-grain coarse aggregate can only be used if the amount is not more than 20% of the total weight.

 

According to Tjokrodimuljo (1996), aggregate characteristics that most influence concrete strength are surface roughness and maximum size. Aggregate with a rough surface will form a good bond between the cement paste and the aggregate. Aggregate with bigger size has a more narrow surface area so that the bond with cement paste is reduced. Coarse aggregate holds an important role in producing good concrete compressive strength. Wet stones such as mountain stones and river stones are coarse aggregates that are commonly used in concrete mixtures.                                           

Granite is commonly used as a material to improve the aesthetic aspect of a building. Granite itself has better strength than wet stone. The granite industry that processes granite chunks to become granite slabs usually produces quite a lot of waste in the form of granite fragments. Therefore, these granite fragments will be utilized as concrete mixture material.              

In Baseh Village, Kedungbanteng District of Banyumas Regency, Central Java there is a granite processing industry. Granite mining produces residual waste that is left to pile up in the mining area. Based on the good characteristics of granite, this stone is very suitable to be used as a coarse aggregate substitution in concrete mixture. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on concrete that uses granite as coarse aggregate in a concrete mixture by utilizing granite waste remainder as coarse aggregate substitution with a maximum gradation of 20 mm.

2)    Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate is natural sand from natural disintegration or stone produced by the stone crusher industry that has a grain size of 5mm (passing through no.4 filter) (SNI 03-2834-2000) or river sand from the river bottom. This sand generally has fine and round grains due to the friction process. The fine aggregates used are Mount Merapi sand from Muntilan Magelang and Serayu River sand. On fine aggregate, tests were carried out on sieve analysis, content weight, water absorption, and density.                                   

3)    Coarse aggregate

The coarse aggregate used in this study originated from a stone crusher in Rawalo, Banyumas Regency with a maximum gradation of 20 mm.                           

4)    Cement

Cement as a concrete mixture material is a hydraulic-inorganic adhesive in the form of fine powder that has chemical bonding characteristics (adhesive and cohesive) and can form a new compound (paste to solid) if reacted with water in a particular time, on the other hand, Portland cement is the cement that contains calcium, silicate, aluminate, and ferrite compounds with some other additive materials. The cement that was used was Portland Cement Composite (PCC) type with Gresik brand.                    

5)    Water

The requirements of water used for the concrete mixture are :

·        Must not contain more than 2 grams/liter of mud or other flying objects

·        Must not contain substances that can harm concrete (acid, organic substance, etc)

·        Must not contain more than 0,5 grams/liter of chloride (Cl).

·        Must not contain more than 1gram/liter of sulfate compounds.

 

In a concrete mixture, water is added in ratio with cement or fas. The requirement to hydrate cement is 1 (one) portion of cement needs 0,25 portion of water weight. Concrete that contains low water proportion will make the mixture very dry and hard to solidify, an extra addition of water is needed to lubricate the mixture so that it can be processed. On the other hand, if all water evaporates when the concrete dries it will create pores. Therefore, it is important to maintain the water proportion as minimal as possible

The water that is used is clean water that does not contain mud or oil and other substances that can harm concrete. The water originated from the Structure Engineering Laboratory of the Engineering Faculty of Wijayakusuma University.

A study on granite waste utilization as coarse aggregate substitution and the use of Mount Merapi and Serayu River sand is conducted with the following conditions :

·        The mix design used the SNI 03-2834-2000 method which is about the procedure of normal concrete mixture planning.

·        Maximum coarse aggregate gradation is 20mm, the coarse aggregate originated from the Serayu River in Patikraja, Banyumas Regency.

·        The granite waste originated from Baseh Village, Kedungbanteng District, Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province.

·        The percentage of granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution is 0%, 50%, and 100%.

·        The sand originated from Mount Merapi and Serayu River.

·        The quality of concrete that was used was fc’ 30Mpa.

·        Concrete testing carried out includes slump flow testing and compressive strength testing.

·        The dosage of Sika ViscoCrete-3115N additive substance is 1,5% of cement weight.

·        There are 3 samples each for 7 days testing and 28 days testing.

·        Using Portland Cement, a PCC with Gresik brand.

·        The test object is cylindrical with 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height.

 

This study is conducted by creating a test object in the Structural Engineering Laboratory. There are 3 (three) types of test objects in creating concrete with a plan quality of fc’ 30 Mpa. The first test object is concrete without admixture (0%), and the second and the third test objects use 50% and 100% of granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution. Then, the test objects are tested by compressive strength for 7 and 28 days. From the result of this study, it is expected that we find out the effect of granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution and zeolite as cement substitution towards concrete compressive strength

 

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The creation of test object variations was determined as listed in the following Table 1 :

Table 1

Table 1 Test Object Variations
No	Variations	Test Object Code	7 days Compressive Strength Testing	28 days Compressive Strength Testing
1	Normal concrete, Mount Merapi sand	BN 1	3	3
2	Normal concrete, Serayu River sand	BN 2	3	3
3	Concrete with Mount Merapi sand and 50% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution	BG 1	3	3
4	Concrete with Serayu River sand and 50% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution	BG 2	3	3
5	Concrete with Mount Merapi sand and 100% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution	BG 3	3	3
6	Concrete with Serayu River sand and 100% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution	BG 4	3	3

 

After the test object samples are made, treatment and compressive strength tests using cylindrical concrete with 15 cm diameter and 30 cm height are carried out.

The results of compressive strength calculation of 0% granite waste mixture with the addition of sika vicocrete 3115N as much as 1,5% of cement weight in 7 and 28 days can be seen in Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5.

Table 2

Table 2 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of 7 Days Old BN 1 Concrete
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BN 1 – 1	12,850	374.000	17.662,5	21.17
2	BN 1 – 2	12,950	368.000	17.662,5	20.83
3	BN 1 – 3	12,950	383.000	17.662,5	21.68
Average Compressive Strength					21.23

 

Table 3

Table 3  Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BN 1 Concrete Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BN 1 – 1	12,900	574.000	17.662,5	32.52
2	BN 1 – 2	12,800	544.000	17.662,5	30.84
3	BN 1 – 3	12,850	594.000	17.662,5	33.65
Average Compressive Strength					32.34

 

 

Table 4

Table 4 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BN 2 Concrete Aged 7 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BN 2 – 1	12,650	370.000	17.662,5	20.94
2	BN 2 – 2	12,650	375.000	17.662,5	21.23
3	BN 2 – 3	12,700	362.000	17.662,5	20,55
Average Compressive Strength					20,90

 

Table 5

Table 5 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BN 2 Concrete, Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BN 2 – 1	12,650	535.000	17.662,5	30.29
2	BN 2 – 2	12,600	515.000	17.662,5	29.16
3	BN 2 – 3	12,650	557.000	17.662,5	32.52
Average Compressive Strength					30.52

 

Result of Compressive Strength Calculation of 7 days old BN 1 Concrete

The results of compressive strength calculation of 50% granite waste mixture with the addition of sika vicocrete 3115N as much as 1,5% of cement weight in 7 and 28 days can be seen in Table 6, Table 7, Table 8, and Table 9.

Table 6

Table 6 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 1 Concrete, Aged 7 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 2 – 1	12,700	390.000	17.662,5	22.08
2	BG 2 – 2	12,650	404.000	17.662,5	22.87
3	BG 2 – 3	12,650	387.000	17.662,5	21.74
Average Compressive Strength					22.23

 

Table 7

Table 7 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 1 Concrete, Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 1 – 1	12,750	515.000	17.662,5	29.16
2	BG 1 – 2	12,750	547.000	17.662,5	30.97
3	BG 1 – 3	12,700	540.000	17.662,5	30.57
Average Compressive Strength					30.23

 

Table 8

Table 8 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 2 Concrete, Aged 7 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 1 – 1	12,800	354.000	17.662,5	20.04
2	BG 1 – 2	12,800	341.000	17.662,5	19.3
3	BG 1 – 3	12,750	367.000	17.662,5	20.77
Average Compressive Strength					20.03

 

Table 9

Table 9 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 2 Concrete, Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 2 – 1	12,650	506.000	17.662,5	28.65
2	BG 2 – 2	12,600	583.000	17.662,5	27.35
3	BG 2 – 3	12,650	523.000	17.662,5	29.61
Average Compressive Strength					28.54

 

The results of compressive strength calculation of a mixture of 100% granite with the addition of sika vicocrete 3115N  as much as 1,5% of cement weight  in 7 and 28 days can be seen in Table 10, Table 11, Table 12, and Table 13.

 

Table 10

Table 10 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 3 Concrete Aged 3 and 7 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 3 – 1	12,450	356.000	17.662,5	20,16
2	BG 3 – 2	12,500	342.000	17.662,5	19,70
3	BG 3 – 3	12,450	356.000	17.662,5	20,16
Average Compressive Strength					20,02

 

Table 11

Table 11 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 3 Concrete Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 3 – 1	12,500	483.000	17.662,5	27,35
2	BG 3 – 2	12,400	471.000	17.662,5	26,67
3	BG 3 – 3	12,500	483.000	17.662,5	27,35
Average Compressive Strength					27,12

 

Table 12

Table 12 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 3 Concrete Aged 7 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 3 – 1	12,400	348.000	17.662,5	19,70
2	BG 3 – 2	12,500	342.000	17.662,5	19,70
3	BG 3 – 3	12,450	356.000	17.662,5	20,16
Average Compressive Strength					19,74

 

Table 13

Table 13 Results of Compressive Strength Calculation of BG 4 Concrete Aged 28 Days
No	Test Object Code	Weight	Maximum Load (P)	Compression Area (A)	Compressive Strength
		(Gram)	(N)	(mm²)	(Mpa)
1	BG 3 – 1	12,500	483.000	17.662,5	27,35
2	BG 3 – 2	12,400	471.000	17.662,5	26,67
3	BG 3 – 3	12,400	471.000	17.662,5	26,67
Average Compressive Strength					26,90

 

The average results of compressive strength  testing of all test objects can be seen in the following Table 14:

 

 

Table 14

Table 14 Average Results of Concrete Compressive Strength Tests
No	Test Object Code	Average Result of Compressive Strength Testing (Mpa)
		7 days	28 days
1	BN 1 (Mount Merapi sand + 0 % granite)	21,23	32,34
2	BN 2 (Serayu River sand + 0 % granite)	20,90	30,52
3	BG 1 (Mount Merapi sand + 50 % granite)	22,23	30,23
4	BG 2 (Serayu River sand + 50% granite)	20,03	28,54
5	BG 3 (Serayu River sand + 100 % granite)	20,02	27,12
6	BG 4 (Mount Merapi sand + 100 % granite)	19,74	26,90

 

Overall comparison of the compressive strength test of concrete with granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution, the mixture of Mount Merapi and Serayu River sand, and addition of 1,5% sika ViscoCrete-3115N can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2 as follows:

Figure 1

Figure 1 Average Results of 7 Days and 28 Days Concrete Compressive Strength.

 

At the age of 7 days, the maximum concrete compressive strength achieved by BG 1 mixture is 22,23 Mpa. The decline of compressive strength occurred in BG2, BG 3, and BG 4 variations. Meanwhile, at the age of 28 days, the maximum concrete compressive strength achieved by the BN 1 mixture is 32,34 MPa and the decline of compressive strength occurred in BN2, BG 1, BG 2, BG 3, and BG 4 variations.

Figure 2

Figure 2 Comparison of Using Mount Merapi Sand and Serayu River Sand.

 

A comparison of using Mount Merapi sand and Serayu River sand produces different concrete compressive strength. The use of Mount Merapi sand in BN 1, BG 1, and BG 3 variations produces bigger compressive strength than Serayu River sand in BN 2, BG 2, and BG 4, both at the age of 7 days and 28 days.               

 

4. CONCLUSIONS

The Study of the Compressive Strength of Concrete that adds granite waste as coarse aggregate and the use of Serayu River sand and Mount Merapi sand can be concluded as follows :

1)     From the results of the concrete compressive strength test which aged 7 days, the maximum concrete compressive strength of 22,23 MPa is achieved by the mixture of Mount Merapi sand with 50% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution. The decline of compressive strength occurred in the mixture of Serayu River sand with 50% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution and the mixture of Mount Merapi sand with 100% granite waste as coarse aggregate substitution. On the other hand, in the concrete compressive strength test which aged 28 days, the maximum compressive strength was produced by normal concrete, the decline of compressive strength occurred on all other variations with the addition of Mount Merapi sand, Serayu River sand, 50% of granite waste and 100% of granite waste.

2)     A comparison of the use of Mount Merapi sand and Serayu River sand in all granite waste substitution compositions shows that the concrete compressive strength of the mixture that uses Mount Merapi sand is greater than the concrete compressive strength that uses Serayu River sand, both on the 7 days and 28 days compressive strength test.

 

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

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