Shaping Machines in Our Image: The Influence of Science Fiction Cinema on Public Perception of Artificial Intelligence

 

Aditya Negi ¹ , Dr. Sakshi Negi ², Sunaina Harit ³, Dr. Atika Tewari ⁴

 

¹ Research Scholar, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

² Assistant Professor, Dev Bhoomi Uttarakhand University, Naugaon, India

³ Research Scholar, Central University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

⁴ Assistant Professor, Amity University, Noida, India

 

1. INTRODUCTION

“One day the AIs are going to look back on us the same way we look at fossil skeletons on the plains of Africa. An upright ape living in dust with crude language and tools, all set for extinction.”

—Nathan Bateman

Every human being is a social animal. Humans and society are interdependent on each other, influencing identity, values, and societal advancement. Humans thrive on social relationships for support, cooperation, and emotional well-being, whereas relationship in society promotes trust, culture, and shared experiences, which affect individual development and societal harmony. A healthy society fosters positive human relationships, guaranteeing stability and advancement. Relationship in humans’ banks on communication, which allows people to exchange ideas, establish connections, and promote understanding. Communication is so crucial for the society that if society wants to punish an individual it cuts off its communication from rest of the world by putting him behind the bars while providing him all the basic necessities of life like food, clothing, shelter, etc. Communication defines culture, government, and social advancement. From the ancient word to the internet, communication unites people, inspires innovation, and shapes change. 

Communication has progressed from primitive symbols to complex visual media. Cave paintings and gestures were employed by early humans to communicate information Fischer (1999). Writing systems, like cuneiform and hieroglyphs, allowed for recording and transmission of knowledge Ong (1982). The invention of the printing press during the 15th century transformed mass communication by making information readily available Eisenstein (1979). The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the invention of telegraph, telephone, and radio, expanding communication speed Castells (2009). The advent of cinema and television revolutionized storytelling, as visual narratives began to reach people all over the world Cook (2016). Early movies, like those by the Lumière Brothers during the 1890s, brought motion pictures into the world of storytelling Cook (2004). The advent of sound and colour during the 20th century widened the reach of cinema, cementing cultural stories and social ideologies Monaco (2009).

Movies are both a reflection of what is real, and tools for change, influencing the masses’ views on politics, gender, and ethics Hall (1980). Artificial Intelligence (AI) was also one of the topics which was discussed often in cinema’s specific genre named “Science fiction” Zhu and Zhang (2022). Artificial Intelligence (AI) term was coined by “John McCarthy” in the Dartmouth Conference in 1956 Nilsson (1998). But the topic drew attention of the public when “Deep Blue” a super computer developed by IBM beats world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997, which raise a question in the public’s mind “Is artificial intelligence is better than humans?” Zhu and Zhang (2022). Later after 2 years film “Matrix” released, which shows the humanity ruled by technology. Movies like “Matrix”, “The Wandering Earth”, “Bicentennial Man” and others was created to  show different possibilities of technological civilization development and so that we can be prepared Huang (2021). Film has evolved from silent black-and-white movies to an influential medium in constructing societal perception.  Today, movies continue to shape audiences across the globe, reinforcing mainstream ideologies as well as subverting social norms.

 

2. Literature review

In the current digital era, AI is increasingly being embedded in different industries, such as healthcare, education, and business, to boost efficiency and innovation Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014). Its capacity to process large volumes of data and automate intricate processes makes it a gem for societal advancement Ng (2018). As AI advances, its ethical considerations and responsible use are still key factors in guaranteeing fair benefits across various communities Bostrom (2014). The early success of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the 1960s and 1970s, which saw breakthroughs in symbolic reasoning and problem-solving, resulted in positive predictions of its future abilities. The restrictions of computational capabilities and the impossibility of scaling initial AI frameworks created stagnation, resulting in what has been referred to as the “AI winter,” an era of lower funding and interest in AI research McCorduck (2004). Early in the 21st century, though, this paradigm shifted as there became accessible enormous amounts of data, superior computing capacity, and advancements in machine learning technologies, notably deep learning, such that AI advanced beyond previous achievements Russell and Norvig (2021). Parallel to this development, cinema, which is apt to reflect broader societal directions, started embracing AI as a pivotal theme for sci-fi movies that shaped the mass perception of, and discussions concerning, the benefits and risks posed by AI. Films like The Matrix (1999) and I, Robot (2004) were responsible for making AI stories mainstream, helping to feed the general societal imagination of what AI can do and what it should do Geraci (2008).

Narratives have profound impacts on dominant conceptions of artificial intelligence since they situate the technology as a utopian or dystopian technology Sartori and Theodorou (2022). Mainstream narratives are mostly produced by tech giant corporations, mass media organizations, and science fiction authors with various motives and bias Chubb et al. (2024). The narratives have the power to influence society's comprehension, interpretation, and organization in terms of technology, instilling hope and fear towards the future of AI Sartori and Theodorou (2022). It is crucial to incorporate various voices and perspectives when constructing AI narratives to complement a truer, multiple, and diverse comprehension of the technology Chubb et al. (2024).

Bollywood films provide a different vision of artificial intelligence, with a tendency to mirror the Indian cultural and social environment Nagar (2016). Although Bollywood has touched upon issues related to advanced technology and robots, its vision of AI will be different from Hollywood, depending on cultural values, social concern, and the particular issues India is facing Nagar (2016). A study of AI narratives presented in Bollywood can give significant insight into the way various cultures perceive and react to the development of artificial intelligence.

 

3. AI in Cinema: The Medium is the Message

In 1964, Marshall McLuhan was fascinated by the way that the message is shaped not only by the content that it contains, but by the medium in which it is embedded, too an idea embodied by the phrase, widely attributed to him, “The Medium is the Message.” For the factor of AI in the film medium, the owners thus play a vital role in shaping the societal view on it, but the technology itself in visual or aural form, these film-makers in a way shape (an event) through presenting themselves McLuhan (2018). Hollywood movies like The Matrix (1999), I, Robot (2004), Ex Machina (2014), and Her (2013) employ CGI and sophisticated cinematography to present visually engaging AI stories, which reaffirm the vision of AI as either a potential threat or changing partner to humans Hermann (2023). These movies don't just represent AI but actually build its meaning via the cinematic medium.

In Bollywood, AI-themed films such as Robot (2010), Ra-One (2011) and 2.0 (2018) employ vibrant visual effects and traditional Indian storytelling techniques to integrate AI within a sociocultural context that emphasizes morality, duty, and ethics. Unlike Hollywood’s often dystopian narratives, Bollywood uses AI as an extension of human values and divine intervention, aligning with McLuhan’s view that the medium itself reshapes the message to fit cultural paradigms.

McLuhan’s ideas provide a useful framework for comparing Hollywood and Bollywood’s AI narratives. Hollywood’s cinematic language often aligns with Western anxieties about technological control and corporate hegemony, reinforcing fears of AI surpassing human intelligence Russell (2020). In contrast, Indian dystopian fiction tries to posit a unique interplay between socio-cultural traditional Indian knowledge and technology Goyal (2025). These Indian dystopian fiction gives valuable insights of complexities of AI-driven futures and ethical plurality of AI ethics Goyal (2025).

 

4. Proposed Study

Movies have always been the refection of the society and also tool to explore the possibilities of future. Our future is so intricately connected to the AI technologies with escalated use of it in various sector of the society. As the evolution of AI is irreversible, the impact of it in the society is the major concern. Thus, it is the correct time, we ponder on the issue to analyse the influence of AI in the society. Many theories from mass communication like Hypodermic Needle Theory, Cultivation Theory, Reception Theory, etc. suggests that movies play an imperative role in forming the perception of an individual in the society. Films such as Matrix, Terminator, Ra-One would have generated an awareness about AI technology in how people in general view its advantages (e.g., automation, medical progress) and disadvantages (e.g., loss of control, ethical issues). Despite their popularity, not much empirical work has been done to investigate how these movie stories influence public opinion towards actual AI development. This exploratory study aims to close this gap through an investigation into the relationship between exposure to sci-fi films and attitudes towards AI, and offering a platform to inform future confirmatory studies. Therefore, through taking reference from AI based Sci-fi films, this study would investigate the views of students with Computer Sciences and Humanities& Social Sciences streams that have had a diverse exposure towards sci-fi movies and AI related technologies.

 

5. Research Objectives

·        To explore how exposure to sci-fi movies influences public perceptions of AI technologies.

·        To identify the perceived benefits and risks of AI as shaped by sci-fi narratives.

·        To examine the relationship between demographic factors (e.g., age, education, tech familiarity) and AI perceptions influenced by sci-fi movies.

 

 

6. Methodology

In this cross-sectional study, researcher want to explore the perception of AI developed from watching Sci-Fi movies with AI theme, for this an online survey was conducted on the students and scholars at Central University of Jammu using Google Forms. As researcher also wanted to find out, does the formal education on computers contribute to the engagement with AI or not, therefore researcher took the samples of two distinguish fields: students and scholars from Computer Sciences background and Humanities & Social Sciences background, where Computer Sciences background consists of ‘Computer Science and Engineering’ and ‘Electronics and Communication Engineering’ departments and Humanities & Social Sciences background consists ‘Economics’, ‘Public Policy and Public Administration’, ‘Social Work’, ‘Comparative Religion and Civilization’ and ‘Mass Communication and New Media’ departments. The link of survey was circulated directly by email and indirectly by circulating the links in their official departmental Whatsapp groups through faculties and class representatives to the Computer science and Humanities & Social Science departments with enrolments strength of 634 (as of 26 March, 2025) from which the total of 151 respondents filled the survey, with the response rate of 23.8%. The field work continued from 18 March to 26 March 2025, where respondents were asked about their familiarity with AI and has explored the effect of Sci-Fi movies on their thinking about AI.

 

6.1. Demographics

The demographic characteristics of the respondents (N=151) are shown in Table 1. The sample mainly consist of respondents within the age group of 18-25 (n=126, 83.4%); male (n=97, 64.2%); most of them are pursuing their Bachelor’s degree (n=110, 72.8%); while the education streams of the respondents are in a ratio of approx. 2:1, where respondents from Computer sciences are (n=101, 66.9%) and respondents from Humanities & Social Sciences are (n=50, 33.1%).

Table 1

Table 1 Demographic Details of the Study Sample (N=151).
Demographic Variables		Percentage (%)
Age Group	Below 18 18-25 26-35 36-50 51+ Total	6 83.4 8.6 0 2 100
Gender	Male Female Other Total	64.2 33.8 2 100
Educational Degree Level (Pursuing)	Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Degree Doctoral Degree Total	72.8 17.2 10 100
Educational Stream	Computer Sciences Humanities and Social Sciences Total	66.9 33.1 100

 

6.2. Measures

The familiarity with AI technologies is measured with a 5-point Likert-scale (1=Not familiar at all, 2=Little familiar, 3=Neutral, 4=Quite familiar, 5=Very familiar). The frequency to watch Sci-Fi movies by respondents in general and specifying Bollywood and Hollywood separately is measured in a 4-point Likert-scale (1=Never, 2=Rarely, 3=Occasionally, 4=Frequently). For calculating the influence by Sci-Fi movies on the views of respondents, shaping public perception and future implications about AIis measured with a 5-point Likert-scale (1=Strongly agree, 2=Agree, 3=Neutral, 4=Disagree, 5=Strongly Disagree). The potential benefits of AI is measure with a 5-point Likert-scale (1=Not important, 2=Less important, 3=Neutral, 4=More important, 5=Very important). The potential risks of AI is measured with a 5-point Likert-scale (1=Not at all concerned, 2=Concerned, 3=Neutral, 4=Quite concerned, 5=Very concerned).

 

6.3. Statistical Analysis

The analysis of the study relies on frequency distribution and descriptive statistics for the visualization of data by calculating mean, median, mode, and standard deviation. To demonstrate the relation between independent variables (demographic variables) and dependent variables or between two dependent variables correlation, ANOVA, Chi-square tests and Pearson’s correlation coefficient is used. To calculate percentage of high levels of importance or agreement, only 4/5-point Likert scale data were used. The data underwent statistical analysis with Microsoft Excel and JASP software accordingly.

 

7. Results

Familiarity with AI technologies

The study reveals that about 65.6% of respondents are familiar with AI technologies in 5-point Likert-scale (M=4, SD=1.14) as 41.1% and 24.5% of respondents are quite familiar and very familiar with AI technologies like ChatGPT, self-driving cars respectively, while 21.2% of respondents are not much familiar with AI as 4.6% and 16.6% of respondents are not at all or little familiar with AI respectively. 13.2% of respondents share a neutral response towards AI.

Figure 1

Figure 1 Respondents’ familiarity with AI technologies (N=151)

 

Interest towards Sci-Fi movies

The study showcases that over 86% of the respondents use to watch Sci-fi movie at least once a year (M=2.54, SD=0.95) with 18.5% of respondents are frequent viewers of Sci-fi movies (more than five times a year), 30.5% of respondents are occasional viewers of Sci-fi movies (3-5 times a year), 37.1% of respondents rarely watches Sci-fi movies (1-2 times a year), meanwhile 13.9% never watched any Sci-fi movie.

Figure 2

Figure 2  How often respondents’ watch Sci-Fi movies (N=151)

 

Interest towards Hollywood Sci-fi movies

The study represents that over 83.4% of the respondents use to watch Hollywood Sci-fi movies at least once a year (M=2.44, SD=0.92) with 13.2% of respondents are frequent viewers of Hollywood Sci-fi movies (more than five times a year), 34.4% of respondents are occasional viewers of Hollywood Sci-fi movies (3-5 times a year), 35.7 % of respondents rarely watches Hollywood Sci-fi movies (1-2 times a year), meanwhile 16.5% never watched any Hollywood Sci-fi movie.

Figure 3

Figure 3 How often respondents’ watch Hollywood Sci-fi movies (N=151)

 

Interest towards Bollywood Sci-fi movies

The study shows that over 79.4% of the respondents use to watch Bollywood Sci-fi movies at least once a year (M=2.10, SD=0.78) with 5.2% of respondents are frequent viewers of Bollywood Sci-fi movies (more than five times a year), 19.8% of respondents are occasional viewers of Bollywood Sci-fi movies (3-5 times a year), 54.3% of respondents rarely watches Bollywood Sci-fi movies (1-2 times a year), meanwhile 20.5% never watched any Bollywood Sci-fi movie.

Figure 4

Figure 4 How often respondents’ watch Bollywood Sci-fi movies (N=151)

 

Influence of Sci-fi movies on the views of AI

The study acknowledged some level of influence on the views of AI after watching Sci-fi Movies Specifically, 13.9% of respondents (n = 21) strongly agreed, 53.6% agreed, 27.2% were neutral, 4% disagreed, and 1.3% strongly disagreed. The responses yielded a mean score of (M = 3.74) with a standard deviation of (SD = 0.81), indicating a general tendency toward agreement and a relatively moderate spread of responses. These findings suggest that science fiction films play a meaningful role in shaping public perceptions of artificial intelligence, with over two-thirds of participants (67.5%) expressing agreement or strong agreement with the statement.

Figure 5

Figure 5 Did the Sci-fi movies have a significant impact of the views of AI (N=151)

 

Potential benefits of AI

Participants were asked to rate the importance of three potential benefits of artificial intelligence improving healthcare, automating repetitive tasks, and advancing scientific research based on their impressions from movies or other sources. For improving healthcare, responses showed that 9.9% (n = 15) viewed it as not important, 9.3% (n = 14) as less important, 37.1% (n = 56) as neutral, 23.8% (n = 36) as more important, and 19.9% (n = 30) as very important (M = 3.34, SD = 1.23). Regarding automating repetitive tasks, 6% (n = 9) rated it as not important, 9.3% (n = 14) as less important, 31.8% (n = 48) as neutral, 33.1% (n = 50) as more important, and 19.9% (n = 30) as very important (M = 3.51, SD = 1.15). For advancing scientific research, only 4% (n = 6) marked it as not important, 5.3% (n = 8) as less important, 25.8% (n = 39) as neutral, 35.1% (n = 53) as more important, and 29.8% (n = 45) as very important (M = 3.81, SD = 1.08). These results suggest that while all three AI applications were generally viewed positively, advancing scientific research emerged as the most highly valued benefit, followed by automating repetitive tasks and then improving healthcare.

Figure 6

Figure 6 Rating about potential benefits of AI (N=151)

 

Potential risks of AI

In the study exploring their concerns about potential risks associated with AI, responses varied across three key domains. Regarding job loss due to automation, the mean concern level was 2.84 (SD = 1.16) on a 5-point scale ranging from “Not at all concerned” (1) to “Very concerned” (5), indicating a moderately neutral stance with a slight lean toward concern. For the risk of AI surpassing human control, the mean was slightly lower at 2.82 (SD = 1.17), suggesting a similar distribution of opinion. In contrast, the concern about ethical misuse of AI was notably higher, with a mean of 3.57 (SD = 1.24), reflecting greater anxiety among respondents about the ethical implications of AI technologies. These findings suggest that while students show moderate concern about automation and control, ethical misuse is perceived as a more serious risk.

Figure 7

Figure 7 Rating about potential risk of AI (N=151)

 

Sci-fi movies shaping public perception of AI with statements

To explore how sci-fi movies shape students’ perceptions of AI technologies, 151 respondents at the Central University of Jammu rated their agreement with five related statements. On whether sci-fi movies create fear among the public, the average response leaned slightly toward neutrality, with a mean score of 2.64 (SD = 1.02). Regarding the view that sci-fi movies help people understand and adopt AI, students largely agreed, with a higher mean of 3.62 (SD = 0.87). When asked if sci-fi movies create a perception that AI will take over humanity, responses were again moderately aligned, with a mean of 3.05 (SD = 1.10). The belief that AI will develop emotions and subjugate humans one day garnered mixed views, averaging 2.84 (SD = 1.17). Finally, the statement that AI can make human life easier and more comfortable received the strongest agreement, reflected in the highest mean of 3.70 (SD = 1.00). These findings suggest that while students are somewhat divided on sci-fi movies role in spreading fear or dystopian views, they also acknowledge its positive role in awareness and see AI as a beneficial tool for the future.

Figure 8

Figure 8 Sci-fi movies shaping public perception of AI with statements (N=151)

 

Agreement with the following statements with respect to Sci-fi movies

The study focused on the agreement of following statements in which the majority supported the idea that more sci-fi movies should be made to popularize AI technologies, with a mean agreement level of 3.63 (SD = 0.91), reflecting a generally positive attitude. The statement that sci-fi movies should be more accurate in terms of scientific facts received even stronger support, with a mean of 3.85 (SD = 1.01), suggesting that scientific authenticity is important to viewers. On whether sci-fi movies should be more futuristic, responses were similarly favorable, with a mean score of 3.63 (SD = 1.04). These findings suggest that students not only value the potential of sci-fi films to promote AI awareness but also advocate for more realism and imaginative foresight in such representations.

Figure 9

Figure 9 Agreement on the following statements w.r.t. sci-fi movies

 

8. Discussions

The present study explores how science fiction cinema influences students’ perceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) at the Central University of Jammu. Findings suggest that sci-fi films play a significant role in shaping public understanding of AI, balancing between utopian optimism and dystopian fears. A majority of the respondents were familiar with AI technologies, despite of being from computer sciences or humanities background they were still aware of AI technologies, indicating that exposure of AI concepts is equal in all both the backgrounds.

Consistent with Cultivation Theory and Reception Theory, the data revealed that 67.5% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that sci-fi movies had influenced their views on AI. Notably, sci-fi films were seen not only as instruments of fear—such as concerns about AI surpassing human control (M=2.82) but also as tools for learning and awareness, with high agreement that AI could improve life quality (M=3.70) and scientific research (M=3.81). These results resonate with prior literature, which emphasizes how narratives in media both reflect and shape collective consciousness (Geraci, 2008; Sartori, 2022).

Furthermore, Hollywood and Bollywood’s treatment of AI reveal cultural nuances in narrative construction. While Hollywood films often highlight themes of domination and existential threat, Bollywood tends to frame AI within moral and social frameworks, reinforcing ethics and human values. This distinction aligns with McLuhan’s theory that the medium and by extension, cultural context shapes the message. The respondents’ preferences and exposure patterns also reflect this, with Hollywood sci-fi movies being more frequently watched than their Bollywood counterparts, potentially due to their global appeal and technologically advanced depictions. The Terminator is a top favorite amongst the all-other AI based Sci-fi movie in Hollywood on the other hand Ra. One and ROBOT are the favorites amongst all in the Bollywood.

Interestingly, despite AI being portrayed as a threat in some films, the overall perception among students leaned towards its potential for societal benefit, especially in healthcare and automation. However, ethical misuse remains a key concern (M=3.57), emphasizing the duality in public imagination: awe at AI’s promise and anxiety about its consequences. These mixed feelings suggest a population informed yet uncertain indicating a strong influence of cinematic narrative over empirical knowledge.

The study also finds that respondents desire more sci-fi films that are both futuristic and scientifically accurate (M=3.85), highlighting the role of cinema not just as entertainment but as an educational and anticipatory tool for emerging technologies. These results are particularly relevant for media creators, educators, and policymakers aiming to responsibly shape AI discourse in society.

 

9. Conclusion

This exploratory study sheds light on the influential role of sci-fi cinema in shaping public perception of AI technologies, particularly among university students. The findings demonstrate that while sci-fi movies can instill fear and skepticism, they also serve as powerful mediums to generate awareness, curiosity, and optimism about AI. Respondents generally expressed moderate familiarity with AI and reported that films had significantly impacted their views, especially regarding AI’s ethical implications and futuristic potential. The research highlights the cultural differences in cinematic portrayal of AI Hollywood often leaning toward cautionary tales and Bollywood embedding AI within socio-cultural and moral narratives. These portrayals deeply inform how audiences understand and interpret technological advancements. Given the growing integration of AI in everyday life, the importance of accurate and responsible media representation cannot be overstated. As cinema continues to influence public discourse, it is vital for filmmakers to consider their role in educating, inspiring, and guiding society’s relationship with technology. Future research may build upon these findings with longitudinal data, experimental studies, or comparative analyses across broader populations and media forms

 

CONFLICT OF INTERESTS

None. 

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

None.

 

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