ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
Weighted Matrix Index: A Tool to Decode the Interconnectedness of Socio-Cultural Expressions, Urban Context and Built Environment Shanu Raina 1 1 Associate
Professor, BMS School of Architecture, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 2 Co-Founder,
369 Ochre Studio, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
1. INTRODUCTION Human settlements embody the cultures that constructed them, shaped across generations by an evolving comprehension of environmental dynamics and societal needs. Yet, the built forms of these places can often outlive the society that created them, and globalisation has led to a shift in the way cities look and feel Eldemery (2009). The complex and multidimensional effects of advanced capitalism and neo-liberal policies on urban form are still a topic of discussion among academics and decision-makers. While some contend that these policies have aided in the widening of social and economic inequalities in the built environment, others contend that they have facilitated urban growth and development. The livability, equity, and sustainability of cities have reportedly suffered as a result of these tendencies, according to evidence. However, cities are remarkably resilient and have the ability to evolve and adapt over time in order to be timeless and relevant. There are numerous examples of urban forms that have adopted innovative and sustainable urban development techniques to maintain their significance while also transforming the constantly changing needs of their inhabitants Glaeser (2011). For instance, cities like Paris, London, and Barcelona have been able to keep their traditional urban form and architectural style while simultaneously adjusting to contemporary needs. While new infrastructure and transportation systems have been developed in these cities to meet evolving means of transit and mobility, historic structures and neighbourhoods have been maintained and rehabilitated. There are other cities that have embraced social and economic inclusion, like Seoul, Barcelona, and Berlin. To address issues of inequality and social exclusion, these cities have implemented policies and programmes that assist small enterprises to enhance the quality of life while also providing affordable housing and community development projects. These examples demonstrate that it is feasible to design locations that pay respect to the past while also being a part of the present and can act as models for other cities. Settlement patterns are the visible manifestations of a community's social and cultural ideals. A location's settlement pattern is shaped by the distinctive amalgamation of numerous urban components, including its streets, public spaces, green spaces, and built forms. The positioning and style of buildings can have a big impact on a place's character and significance. Therefore, while introducing new buildings, it is crucial to take the present style of architecture and the local setting into account. Early 20th-century modernist architecture frequently places an emphasis on originality, which can result in structures that don't fit in with their surroundings. The need to respect and enhance the local architecture could often be in conflict with this. Nevertheless, it is possible to conceptualise innovative designs while simultaneously rendering respect to the existing built environment, historical relevance, and existing urban fabric. This strategy necessitates sensitivity to and comprehension of the situation and community needs. To preserve a location's cohesiveness and distinctive identity while also fostering growth and innovation, careful consideration of how new built form development may affect the existing urban fabric is crucial. 1.1. Socio-Cultural expressions, Urban Contexts and Built Environments The relationship between socio-cultural expressions, urban context, and built environment is complex and dynamic, involving several variables and interactions. It refers to the extent to which closely related and interdependent a city's or urban area's physical, social, and cultural components are. It recognises that an urban area is more than just a physical location; it is also a space for culture and social interaction between people and the built environment. The diverse means by which individuals display their culture and social identities, including language, art, music, religion, customs, and traditions, are referred to as socio-cultural expressions. The urban setting and built environment, which include components like geography, history, politics, economy, and technology, form these expressions, which have a strong social and cultural underpinning. A thriving street art scene, for instance, can transform a deteriorating neighbourhood into a cultural centre, and traditional religious beliefs can affect the design of religious structures and public spaces Naghizadeh (2000). The urban context refers to the physical, social, and economic characteristics of urban areas, including their size, population, infrastructure, and built environment. Urban contexts can shape socio-cultural expressions by providing spaces and opportunities for artistic and cultural activities, as well as by influencing the social and economic factors that support or hinder these expressions Granham & Thomas (2007). Buildings, streets, public spaces, and mobility infrastructure collectively comprise the built environment, which is crucial in determining both socio-cultural expressions and urban environments. Cultural expressions and activities, as well as the social and economic forces that sustain them, are impacted either positively or negatively by the way these places are designed and used. An opportunity for social contact and cultural expression, for instance, can be provided by the design of public areas like parks, plazas, and cultural institutions. Additionally, the urban environment can have an impact on the kinds of socio-cultural expressions that develop and flourish in a certain location. For example, while a homogenous or segregated urban context may limit the range and quality of cultural expressions, a diverse and inclusive urban context may encourage the emergence of new cultural expressions and creative practices (Refer Figure 1). Figure 1
In
this sense, the link between socio-cultural expressions, urban setting, and
built environment is reciprocal and dynamic, influencing the character and
identity of a city. Building inclusive, sustainable and resilient urban
landscapes that enable a variety of socio-cultural expressions and encourage
community involvement requires an understanding of these linkages and how they
are interconnected. 2. Materials and Methodology This research study is primarily
focused on deciphering the interconnectedness of socio-cultural expressions,
urban context and built environment. The
research study explores the interrelation between contextual variables and
design decisions that contribute to the evolution of the built environment in
urban areas set in unique contexts. The theoretical framework of contextual
settings and socio-economic expressions and the application framework of
planning and design process have been used as underpinning premises for
positioning the research study and the analysis. The research analysis
is illustrated through the use of two case examples, each within its unique
context. Further, a tool for recognising the interconnectedness
between socio-cultural expressions, urban settings and built environments was
developed as a result of the research study. The following methodology
framework was established to conduct the research study (Refer Table 1). Table 1
2.1. Research Statement The research design of this study is
based on a qualitative approach that emphasizes the exploration of complex
phenomena in natural settings. The study employs case studies to investigate
the specific design decisions that have been made in different urban contexts
like Rome and Bhutan and their impact on the continuity and change of the built
environment. The cases selected for this study are representative of different
urban contexts and design approaches, including historic preservation, urban
renewal, and contemporary development. Case studies involve an in-depth
examination of specific design projects, including analysis of design documents
and site visits, of both Rome and Bhutan. The data collected through case using
thematic analysis. This approach involves identifying patterns and themes such
as a) Historicity, b) Exploring the interplay between history and context, c)
Exploring the characteristics of place and d) Reconciling the realms of context
and architecture that emerge from the data and developing a comprehensive
understanding of the factors that contribute to the continuity and change of
urban fabric. 2.1.1. Research Questions 1) What
are the vital factors that strongly impact the interconnectedness of built
forms, urban context, and socio-cultural expressions? 2) How
do the cities of Rome and Bhutan compare in terms of Built Form, Urban Context,
and Socio-Cultural Expressions? 3) How
does the urban context differ between the two case examples? 4) Which
case example has a strong socio-cultural expression? 5) Which
case example has a comprehensive built environment? 2.1.2. Aim The research study examines and
compares the interconnectedness of the socio-cultural expressions, urban
contexts, and the built environment of the selected case examples by applying
the formulated weighted index matrix approach. 2.1.3. Research Objectives ·
To signify the connectedness and
correlation between inhabitants, built forms, urban context, and socio-cultural
expressions. ·
To explore the relevance and influence
of unique contextual settings on the built environment. ·
To explore the crucial development
elements and their impact on the fabrication of the built environment which is
essential in creating a sense of place. ·
To formulate a tool (weighted index
matrix) for recognizing the connections between built forms, urban
surroundings, and sociocultural expressions. 2.2. Methodology 2.2.1. Data Collection To collect data, information on the
categories and subcategories listed in the weighted index matrix were gathered
from a variety of sources. This entailed conducting a detailed analysis of
existing literature, scholarly articles, research papers, and studies that
scrutinize the urban planning and design facets of Rome and Bhutan. In order to
collect pertinent information, official websites and internet resources like
the Open Data Catalogue of the World Bank and the Human Development Index of
the United Nations Development Programme were also consulted. 2.2.2. Weighted Index Scoring After the data was gathered, each
category and subcategory received a weighted index score. According to the
percentages supplied in the matrix, weights were assigned to each category and
subcategory. To get a weighted score, the weightages given to each category and
subcategory were multiplied by the scores for each case example. The weighted
index score for each case example was calculated by adding all of the weighted
scores for that particular case example. 2.2.3. Comparative Analysis The methodology's final step compared
the weighted index scores of Bhutan with Rome. In terms of socio-cultural
expressions, urban context and built environment. The scores were compared to
highlight the similarities and contrasts between the two select case examples.
Descriptive statistics, statistical analysis, and graphical representation are
only a few of the approaches that were used in the investigation. 2.2.4. Final Interpretation The answers to the research study
questions were used to interpret the findings. In doing so, conclusions about
Rome's and Bhutan's urban planning and design features, as well as the elements
that contribute to each place's distinctive character, were reached. 3. Socio-Cultural Expressions: Needs, Continuity and Spatial Characteristics There is certainly much more to a city
than its visible structures. It is a living thing that changes and evolves with
time. A city's distinctive characteristics are influenced by its inhabitants,
the cultures they develop, and the activities that take place there. Culture is
embodied in various forms such as folklore, beliefs, lifestyles, rituals, built
environments, and public spaces which in turn shape the landscapes of different
societies. The way-built forms appear and function is primarily shaped by socio-cultural
demands. To achieve a better design approach, one needs to respond to the
context, which is commonly referred to as the 'setting', with a sensitive
understanding. The interplay between the built environment and its
context—spanning historical, political, socio-cultural, economic, and physical
aspects—shapes the distinct identity of a place. There are three types of
contextual references: visual context, formal context, and human context.
Visual context refers to the visual appropriateness of the built environment,
while formal context is concerned with scientific environmental data. Human
context, on the other hand, deals with cultural values and identity. Architecture
stands the test of time when it harmoniously responds to both socio-cultural
and physical environments Radstrom (2011). 3.1. Architecture of the Built Environment - AN Expression of Socio-culture Fabric and Urban Context Architecture, as a cultural expression,
shapes cities beyond buildings; it profoundly influences the continual renewal
of the cities. Inhabitants' lifestyles shape building designs, dictating
spatial use, layouts, and sizes. Enduring principles linked to land, climate,
symbols, and organization persist across cultures, guiding the remarkable
architecture of the settlement to encapsulate the essence of a place within
urban landscapes, despite external changes. (Refer Figure 2). Figure 2
The rich and varied experiences of the
inhabitants representing heterogeneity of socio-cultural dimensions of a city
are reflected in the diversity of the city, as are the different ways in which
they engage with the urban contexts and the built environment. Leveraging a
wide range of perspectives, knowledge, skillsets and resources, diversity
enables cities to continuously change and adapt to challenges and new
possibilities. This diversity is the primary component that makes urban areas
dynamic, sustainable and resilient. Cities must embrace and celebrate this
diversity in order to thrive in these dynamic circumstances. They must endeavor to build inclusive and equitable communities that
meet the needs and ambitions of all of their inhabitants Rossi (1982). 3.2. Case Example 1: Rome – An Imperial City 3.2.1. Historicity Cities can provide a unique sense of
belongingness and identity, even if they appear ordinary. Designed and
constructed over time, cities are spatial constructs. They are complex,
intricate systems that require prolonged experience to properly comprehend. The
imperial city of Rome serves as a notable illustration of this concept. Rome
has had an immense impact on global architecture and urban planning, with a
history spanning over twenty-eight centuries. The city's architecture comprises
numerous layers, each reflecting the societal, economic, cultural, and
political conditions of the time Parvizi (2009). 3.2.2. Reconnoitring the Interplay
between History and Context Situated at the heart of the Italian peninsula, Rome was founded in 753 BC, located along the Tiber River. Legend has it that the city was constructed by twin brothers, born to a princess who was impregnated by Mars, and saved from drowning as infants by divine intervention. The brothers were raised by a she-wolf, revered as a sacred animal by their father Niebuhr (1851). Rome emerged as a cultural and political center, with adept engineers known for pioneering water systems and road networks, and much like the Greek Agora, Roman forums thrived as the vibrant hubs of civic life. After Julius Caesar's unification, Rome became a republic, elevating rulers to divine status and emphasizing imperial grandeur over religion. This shift prioritized the empire over religion, fueling a surge in monumental architecture across the Roman Empire facilitated by the innovation of lime concrete. The resulting structures—amphitheaters, aqueducts, theaters, basilicas, and temples—stand as an enduring testament to the grandeur of the era. Figure 3
3.2.3. Exploring
the Characteristics of Place The Romans constructed buildings with a grand and imposing quality, evident in their use of materials such as limestone, concrete, and mortar. Notable examples of this monumental characteristic can be seen in structures like the Colosseum's canvas roof (Velarium), Trajan's Column, the Temple of Saturn, and many more. Roman architecture employed several key building systems, including lintelled structures inspired by the Greeks, vaulted structures influenced by the Etruscans, and striking arcading, barrel vaults, domes, thick walls, decorative columns, fountains, sculptures, piazzas, squares, and the use of stone to adorn buildings. The images below depict some of the defining features of Roman architecture. Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
3.2.4. Synthesizing Context and Architecture: A Unified Approach Rome's classical architecture
profoundly influenced modern architectural design language. The city boasts a
rich historical context that has evolved over centuries, with each part
contributing to the whole and vice versa. Aesthetic coherence is crucial, and
every element in a place must work together to create a sense of place. For
instance, the streets of Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood
are aesthetically unified, which adds to their beauty. In contrast, the Tour
Montparnasse in Paris draws attention to itself and is not in harmony with its
surroundings. Capitalism can have a negative impact on culture, resulting in
the creation of ugly places Robinson (2017). Despite Rome's rich architectural
heritage, many contemporary buildings in the city lack the design language of
classical architecture and fail to respond to their context. Instead, these
buildings prioritize their own self-expression over fitting in with their
surroundings. Examples of such buildings include Richard Meier's Ara Pacis
Museum, Zaha Hadid's MAXXI, Renzo Piano's Auditorium Parco della
Musica, and Massimiliano Fuksas's Rome Convention Centre. Architecture and place are inherently
intertwined. The factors that shape a building are important, but the
connection to its immediate environment and thus its ability to fit in is
equally important. For a building to be successful, it must be sensitive to its
context and form a meaningful connection with its surroundings. 3.3. Case Example 2: Bhutan - A Buddhist Kingdom 3.3.1. Historicity Situated on the eastern edge of the Himalayas, Bhutan is a
relatively small Buddhist kingdom. Despite this, traditional life and
culture are still very prominent in Bhutan, with many of its citizens living a
self-sufficient lifestyle and relying heavily on agriculture and cottage
industries such as weaving and handicrafts. Additionally, Bhutan has been
welcoming eco-tourism with its 'High Value Low Impact' policy, which has been
helping to drive economic growth without harming the environment or culture. This
policy aligns with Bhutan's Gross National Happiness (GNH), prioritizing the
environment and culture over unchecked economic growth. Figure 9
3.3.2. Reconnoitring the Interplay between History and Context Buddhism deeply influences Bhutan's
spiritual heritage. Bhutanese architecture embodies its socio-cultural essence,
seen in its monuments, monasteries, and religious sites. The country spans
diverse climates, from alpine regions in the Himalayas up north to sultry
tropics in the south. In its modern development phase, Bhutan
is working towards preserving its traditional architecture's cultural relevance
and sustainability. Government policies like Structure Plans, Local Area Plans,
and Development Control Regulations aim to mitigate urbanization's negative
impacts on the environment, culture, and architectural heritage. Figure 10
Figure 11
3.3.3. Exploring the Characteristics of Place Bhutanese architecture, deeply rooted
in culture, holds a distinctive identity. It embodies traditional values while
interpreting various cultural aspects. Craftsmanship, seen in these impressive
structures, emphasizes shared values over individual expression. These timeless
monuments blend spiritual symbolism with organic and geometric shapes, standing
as enduring testaments to both aesthetic appeal, functionality, and
sustainability. Figure 12
Figure 13
The notable structures prioritize
practical function and aesthetics. While sharing design elements, every region
has unique distinct architectural styles, utilizing local techniques, materials,
and craftsmanship to cultivate visual richness, quality, and a sense of human
scale. Bhutanese architecture, emphasizing sustainability and harmony with
nature, reflects the nation's unique traditions and culture. 3.3.4. Synthesizing Context and Architecture: A Unified Approach Bhutan's enduring traditional
architecture signifies the nation's resilience despite limited military or
economic strength. Amid global cultural shifts, Bhutan stands out for its
commitment to preserving its distinct identity. Its architectural expressions
remain vital in safeguarding this identity, showcasing how culture and climate
influence structural design. Bhutan recognizes the power of its native
architecture, utilizing it for both economic and aesthetic advantages. 4. Comparative analysis of the case examples Contemporary designs in revered
settings should acknowledge and adapt to the city's enduring context, pivotal
in its evolution. Analyzing both built structures and
their surrounding systems is vital. Historical elements enrich the visual
backdrop, influencing successful modern designs and forging new relationships
between architecture and its surroundings. Striking a balance between honoring tradition and pursuing innovative approaches is
key. 4.1. Context - A Constraint or a Design Tool Context should not be viewed primarily
as a constraint, but rather as a tool that can help generate apt design
solutions. Contextual data has an enormous influence on the built form and is
essential in creating a sense of place. Contemporary times demand a
re-conceptualization of context, and limitations should be viewed as an
opportunity. Designing within a context demands more than mere conformity; it
entails surpassing rigid form and style. Each context, unique in its values,
demands a holistic analysis for the most appropriate solutions. Understanding
the interplay between context and architecture involves considering various
elements—built form, development patterns, vistas, scale, construction methods,
and materials. The interplay between context and architecture is mutually
influential, demanding a comprehensive analysis that correlates. Tool for recognizing the
interconnectedness of sociocultural expressions, urban contexts and built environment.
Planners and designers may build urban environments that are not only practical
but also meaningful and representative of the distinct identity of the
community by taking the context, urban form, and socio-cultural manifestations
of a city into consideration (Refer Table 2). Table 2
4.2. Formulation of a Tool: Weighted Matrix Index A method to recognise the
interconnectedness between socio-cultural expressions, urban context and built
environment is provided by this tabular checklist. Planners and designers may
build urban settings that are not only functional but also meaningful and
representative of the distinct identity of the community by taking into account
the socio-cultural expressions, urban context and the built environment. The
ultimate objective is to develop livable, sustainable
urban environments that honour and celebrate the various cultural customs and
traditions of the neighbourhood (Refer Table 3). Table 3
4.3. Analysis and Results 1) The
Built Form category, which has a weight of 30%, is divided into its several
subcategories in the table above. The Built Form category is used to assess a
city's physical attributes, such as building kinds, architectural styles, urban
morphology, transit systems, and public space layout. The weight and scoring
criteria for each subcategory vary. For instance, the Rome and Bhutan ratings
in the Building Types area are 4 and 3, respectively, and the subcategory has a
weight of 5%. Based on the variety and adaptability of building styles for
various functions, this subcategory's technique was developed. Lang (2005) and
Mohanty (2011) are some of the sources cited for this subcategory. Similar to
the subcategory of Architectural Style, which carries a 10% weighting, Rome and
Bhutan received ratings of 5 and 4, respectively. The variety and excellence of
architectural styles form the foundation of the methodology for this
subcategory. Kostof (1991) and Pallasmaa (2011) are
some of the sources cited for this subcategory. In general, the Built Form
category offers a thorough evaluation of a city's physical layout and
structure, taking into account a variety of elements including building types,
architectural styles, urban morphology, transit systems, and public space
design. 2) Urban
Context - Location, Urban Density, Land Use Patterns, Environmental Conditions,
and Economic Development are the five subcategories that make up the context
analysis category, which has a weight of 30%. The methods and weight for each
subcategory vary, and sources are given for additional background and
rationale. For instance, Rome and Bhutan both received scores of 4, which is
10% of the weight given to the subcategory of location. The centrality,
accessibility, and connection of the site are the foundations for this
subcategory's technique. Bertaud & Malpezzi (2003) and Soja (2010) are two sources
cited for this subcategory. The scores for Rome and Bhutan are 5 and 2,
respectively, in the subcategory of Urban Density, which has a 10% weighting.
This subcategory's technique is based on urban sprawl and population density.
McGranahan and Satterthwaite McGranahan & Satterthwaite (2014) and Pacione (2005) are some of the sources cited for this
subcategory. Context analysis gives a thorough evaluation of a city's livability and quality of life by taking into account a
variety of criteria including location, urban density, land use patterns,
environmental conditions, and economic development. 3) Socio-Cultural
Expressions-Cultural Practices, Social Values, Demographics, Socio-economic
Status, and Public Participation are the five subcategories that make up the
Socio-Cultural Expression Analysis category in this table, which has a weight
of 30%. The methods and weight for each subcategory vary, and sources are given
for additional background and rationale. For instance, Rome and Bhutan both
received scores of 4.5 and 4.8 in the Cultural Practices section, which has a
10% weighting. The technique for this subcategory is founded on the variety and
vitality of cultural practices and traditions, including art, music, and
gastronomy. Throsby (2001) as well as Zhang & Huang (2014) are cited as sources
for this subcategory. The rankings for Rome and Bhutan are 4.2 and 4.5,
respectively, under the subcategory of Social Values, which is similarly
weighted at 10%. The criteria for this subcategory is
founded on adherence to social ideals like respect for diversity, inclusivity,
and involvement in the community. Putnam (2000) and Sandercock (1998) are cited as
references for this subcategory. The weighted index calculation for the
Socio-Cultural Expression Analysis category, in general, takes into account a
variety of factors related to cultural practices, social values, demographics,
socio-economic status, and public participation, and offers a more nuanced
assessment of the livability and quality of life in a
city. 4.3.1. Results The items for each subcategory and
category are added up to create the weighted index, which was then multiplied
by the corresponding weight to produce the overall scores: The weighted index for Rome is (0.30 x
35.7) + (0.40 x 46.8) + (0.30 x 41.1), which is 123.6. Bhutan's weighted index is calculated
as follows: (0.3 x 32.1) + (0.4 x 40.8) + (0.3 x 42.6) = 115.5 Rome gets a better overall score than
Bhutan according to this weighted index matrix. It's crucial to keep in mind
that this is only one interpretation and weighting of the criteria, and that
various scores or weights could provide different outcomes (Refer Figure 14). Figure 14
5. Conclusion Cities are dynamic, ever-evolving
entities that are not static. The spatial relationships between their many
components can change and evolve as they develop, taking on new shapes and
functions. This is evident in the ways that cities have developed and altered
over the years as a result of planning and design frameworks, social and
cultural norms, economic forces and new technologies. As a result, cities can
develop over time in a variety of forms, reflecting the unique characteristics
and identities of the people and cultures that inhabit within. However, despite
their continuing growth and change, cities continue to have an inherent sense
of continuity and historical significance. Many cities continue to possess
historic sites, buildings, public spaces, and infrastructure as part of their
built environment. Even while a city continues to grow and adapt in response to
new opportunities and challenges, its rich legacy helps it lend a sense of
belongingness and identity. The reciprocal relationship and the
interconnectedness between the socio-cultural expressions, urban context and
the built environment emphasizes the critical consideration of it in the
planning, designing and the development of urban areas. This research study's
development of a weighted matrix index can be used as an effective checklist
technique for addressing urban planning and design from a comprehensive point
of view. The index provides a systematic and structured way to consider,
evaluate and prioritize different variables in order to facilitate
decision-making at multiple scales and levels by allocating weights to various
socio-cultural expressions, urban setting, and physical environment factors
that contribute to the overall character and identity of a city. The weighted matrix index could be
applied at several scales and levels, including the design of single structures
or public areas as well as the development of entire communities or districts.
This tool would enable decision-makers to develop development schemes that are
not only functional but also meaningful and evocative of the distinct identity
of the community. According to their relative importance in a given situation,
the weighted matrix index gives several factors weights. For instance, cultural
significance can be given more weight than other considerations like economic
feasibility in a community where protecting cultural heritage is a major
priority. Decision-makers would be able to fabricate informed choices that
represent the particular requirements and goals of the community by comparing
various design solutions depending on how well they perform against these
weighted criteria. Applying a weighted matrix index in urban planning and design essentially aims towards creating spaces that are vital and expressive of the community's distinctive identity in addition to being functional and economical. Decision-makers can contribute to the creation of cities that are more inclusive, sustainable, and equitable by comprehending the way socio-cultural expressions, urban context, and the physical environment are interconnected and using tools like the weighted matrix index to inform decision-making.
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