ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
JOKER MEMES AS A FORM OF EXPRESSING INNER THOUGHTS: A CHARACTER ANALYSIS OF JOKER WITH REFERENCE TO THE THEATRE OF CRUELTY Shyam Prakash M 1 1 Research
Scholar, Department of Performing Arts, Central University of Jharkhand, India 2 Assistant
Professor, Department of Performing Arts, Central University of Jharkhand,
India
1. INTRODUCTION In general terms, a joker refers to an individual who enjoys
creating humour or engaging in playful antics with the intention of eliciting
laughter from an audience. However, in due course, the character Joker has been
constructed in movies with multiple layers of human emotions, not merely making
the audience laugh. For example, the Batman (1966) movie portrayed the joker as
colourful and light-hearted. In Batman (1989), the Joker was a mix of gangster
and lunatic with a sinister style. In The Dark Knight (2008), a more transformative
portrayal of the joker can be found, with a darker and more psychologically
intense version. In the movie Suicide Squad (2016) joker with tattoos has a
modern look and a gangster-like appearance. And in the 2019 Joker movie, the
Joker character is portrayed as a deranged guy with madness who becomes a
criminal mastermind. In due course, it can be seen that the joker character has
been interpreted to express the utmost pain and criminality through the popular
laughing face image of the joker. The concept of theatre of cruelty and the Joker character
from the movies are two entirely different portrayals from two different
mediums. The concept of theatre of cruelty developed from theatre practice, and
the character Joker, though developed in DC Comics, became popular in movies. The word "cruelty" does not refer to actual physical harm or
violence but to the notion of confronting the audience with the pure,
fundamental feelings and realities of human existence. According to Artaud,
society had transformed people into sick, restrained beings, and the actual
purpose of the theatre of cruelty was to free humanity from these restraints
and unleash each person's innate vitality. He suggested doing away with the
stage as a physical barrier between actors and the audience and creating
mythical spectacles with verbal incantations, groans, screams, pulsating
lighting effects, and enormous stage puppets and accessories. This study is
trying to identify the resemblance of cruelty through the character Joker and also
trying to find out the reason why the character Joker is much celebrated,
especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was
widely visible that people were using joker memes on social media to express
their emotions and feelings. The character joker is providing very long-lasting
experiences and memories in the audience’s mind. And the theatre of cruelty
also exhibits a very intense performance that also lasts in the audience’s mind
in a very deep way, as both the theatre of Cruelty and the character of the
Joker relate to emotions. From its introduction on, the Joker character gained wide appreciation
and a huge fan base because of its external appearance, projected smiley face,
body language, and style of presentation. The Joker is known for his
unpredictable nature, chaotic demeanour, and twisted sense of humour. In due
course, the joker is often depicted as a criminal mastermind, constantly
challenging the boundaries of sanity and morality. The joker has become a
symbol of psychological complexity and remains an enduring and captivating
antagonist in the realm of fictional villains. Slowly, this character occupied
a space in the stores and cinemas and, parallelly, in the audience’s mind as well. However, in the beginning, the creators did not
consider Joker a main object in their creations. But gradually, this character
got a clear space in all the creations, like cinemas and stories, and the
creators also built a backstory of the origin of the character Joker. The
writers purposefully created the characters in this way in order to pique the
audience's interest. This deliberate approach resulted in narratives rich with
supernatural elements. Supernatural stories and characters are for the
amusement of the audience, but they don’t represent the real lives of common
men. By realizing this, the creators of the Joker movies gradually changed the
history of the character into a common story that could easily connect with a
common audience. Todd Philip and Christopher Nolan created the common man and
introduced it to the audience. The audience welcomed the new Joker, and they
considered the character to be a common man like them, which gained huge
acceptance. Slowly, the character started to grow in the audience’s mind, and
so many video clips, memes, and images started to spread. Then memes and quotes
about the character started to go viral very quickly Collins (2019). The concept of the theatre of cruelty was introduced by Antonin Artaud
in his book The Theatre and its Doubles. In his work ‘The Theatre and its Double,’ Antonin Artaud theorised
a surrealist theatrical style known as the Theatre of Cruelty. The theatre is
impossible without a component of brutality at the core of every spectacle, it
is through the skin that metaphysics must be made to re-enter our minds in our
current condition of degeneration, he contends. Artaud used the term
"cruelty" to describe a violent, austere, physical resolve to shatter
the false reality. According to Artaud’s expression, the concept of deception
permeates the perception like an enveloping shroud rather than sadism or
causing pain Ashraf (2013). In this concept, he breaks so many cliché concepts of theatre. Artaud
focuses more on the actors in his concept than on external factors like set,
light, etc. According to his thoughts, the actor’s body is like hieroglyphics.
In the theatre of cruelty, the actor is connected to the spectator in such a
way that the audience can smell the actors in the performance. Through the
intensity of emotions and feelings, this concept gained huge acceptance in the
theatre industry. Tripney (2017) The character joker, known for his unpredictable and chaotic nature,
shares intriguing connections with the concept of theatre of cruelty developed
by Antonin Artaud. The theatre of cruelty aimed to shock and disrupt the
audience’s perception of reality through
intense and visceral experiences. Similarly, the Joker embodies a theatrical
embodiment of cruelty, challenging societal norms and expectations. With his
anarchic and sadistic tendencies, the joker disrupts the established order,
provoking discomfort and questioning conventional moral codes. Like the theatre
of cruelty, the joker forces the audience to confront their deepest fears and
explore the darker corners of the human psyche, blurring the boundaries between
performer and spectator in a disorienting yet captivating way. Both the joker
and the theatre of cruelty push to examine the complexities of human existence,
revealing the unsettling aspects of our own nature in the process. Research on the Theatre of
Cruelty and the character Joker holds significant untapped potential. There is
a compelling need to explore the influence of the Theatre of Cruelty on global
theatrical practices and cinematic traditions across diverse cultures. Comparative
studies offer valuable insights into how Artaud's ideas have permeated theatre
and related domains worldwide. Despite years of study and experimentation,
critical research gaps persist within this avant-garde theatrical concept. Much
of the existing literature predominantly delves into its historical context and
Artaud's original concepts, leaving a void in our understanding of its
contemporary applications in both theatre and film. Moreover, the limited
research addressing how modern audiences respond to Theatre of Cruelty-inspired
performances underscores the crucial significance of comprehending audience
reception and the consequences of such productions. Given its inclination to
push boundaries and evoke intense emotions, there is a pressing need for
ethical considerations and the exploration of potential ethical dilemmas
inherent in the practice of the Theatre of Cruelty.
Addressing these research gaps not only promises to deepen our
understanding of the Theatre of Cruelty but also underscores its relevance in
today's dynamic theatrical landscape. As we delve into these research areas,
the iconic movie character Joker could provide an intriguing lens for
researchers and scholars to further enrich this field of study. This study aims
to uncover the intricate connection between the Theatre of Cruelty and the
portrayal of the Joker character. Additionally, it seeks to elucidate the
reasons behind the widespread use of Joker quotes and memes across social media
as vehicles for expressing people's emotions. Furthermore, this paper
endeavours to discern how these two concepts attract and endure in people's
minds. 1)
The
Multifaceted Portrayal of The Character Joker: The Joker made his inaugural
appearance in the DC comic book series Batman on April 25, 1940, Alter (2019), leaving an enduring imprint on the realm of villainous narratives.
Like all the other villainous characters in Batman, the Joker also appeared without
any backstories or flashbacks. In the beginning, the creators were Bill Finger,
Bob Kane, and Jerry Robinson of the Batman comic, who marked Batman as
more powerful and capable of killing the Joker as well. However, the editors of
the comic later reconsidered, making the character more intriguing by allowing
him to survive multiple encounters. Consequentially, the joker transforms from
a psychotic murderer into a mad prankster, resulting in a better reception from
the market. In 1951, one of the Joker's creators provided him with an
origin story in the detective comics titled 'The Man Behind the Red Hoods.' In
this edition, co-creator Bill Finger reveals that the Joker had already
committed crimes under a different alias known as 'Red Hood.' According to the
story, while trying to escape from Batman, the Joker fell into a vat of
chemical water, which turned his skin white and his hair green. This incident
led to the iconic appearance of the Joker. For this transformation, the
creator, Finger, gave a skeleton to the Joker. In 1966, the Batman TV series started, and the character Joker also got
a cinematic view along with Batman. Adam West gave a live-action,
three-dimensional form to the Joker. Cesar Romero performed as the Joker in the
Batman TV series. Martinson (1966) He appeared in very
few episodes during this series. From these episodes, the audience got a more
detailed backstory about the character, i.e., the Joker is a high school
dropout, brilliant at hypnotism, and a master of disguise in crime. In one
episode of this series, the character Joker appears without makeup, and it is
stated that this is a put-on. The year 1988 marked the end of the then-existing
Joker stories and the beginning of a new era of Joker series. Alan Moore
adapted the character Joker into his graphic novel Killing Joke, and he created
a Joker mythos. According to his version, the Joker was an engineer with good
manners in a chemical factory. To achieve his dream of becoming a stand-up
comedian, he left his job. But he failed to create jokes. Then he planned to
help some criminals destroy the chemical factory to earn money for his pregnant
wife. But unfortunately, his wife and unborn baby died in an accident during
pregnancy. But at the time of the crime, Batman appears and scares the joker.
At that time, a pipe sweeps him out. During that time, the entire appearance of
that engineer is changed, and he appears as a joker because of chemical reactions
inside the pipe. That physical transformation and the wife’s death transform him into a villain—the Joker Alter (2019). From there on, different stories about Joker and his appearances came
out. In different years, the Joker was portrayed in different animations,
films, and TV series. During these periods, this character became a celebrity
villain in the audience’s mind all
over the world without any distractions. In 2019, the renowned portrayal of the
joker character by Todd Phillips came to prominence. Todd Philip gives the most
convincing story to the mass audience about the Joker through Arthur Fleck. On
purpose, he avoids the supernatural and illogical stories of a joker, like the
chemical pipe transformation and all. Todd Philip and Arthur Fleck gave a
socially relevant story to the Joker. In this version, Arthur is a comedian who
lives with his elderly mother. And he was also treated for mental illness.
According to his version, his mental health issues and continued
marginalization pushed him to become the Joker. Here, it’s purely visible that
society has turned into a villain. The people started to forget all the other
illogical stories and supernatural power jokes and started to accept this
common man as the joker. The character Joker emerges, taking on a life of its
own, entrenched in narratives and entrenched in the psyche of the masses. 2)
Expressing
Inner Meanings - The Theatre of Cruelty: The evolution of the ‘Theatre of
Cruelty’ emerged in conjunction with the surrealist movement in 1931, by the
French playwright and director Antonin Artaud. It is not a specific play or
performance but rather a theoretical framework for a radical and innovative
approach to theatre. The theatre of cruelty clearly says that "without an
element of cruelty at the root of every spectacle, theatre is not
possible" Artaud (1970). The key characteristics of the theatre of cruelty explain that dance
and gestures can create deeper meaning than words. Extreme emotions and action
result in a lack of control and that plays are also a release for dreams and
hidden emotions. There are no limits to how theatre can stimulate emotion or
how to bring this about. The Theatre of Cruelty emphasizing intense, visceral
experiences, the rejection of realism, and the use of the body to provoke deep
emotional responses from both performers and the audience. Mainly, the theatre
of cruelty aims to make the audience move, be shocked, and be involved in the
performance. The creator also formulated a manifesto for this theatrical
approach, as part of the book ‘The Theatre and its Doubles’ by Antonin Artaud,
the founder of the theatre of cruelty Artaud (1970). Artaud's investigation aimed to communicate theatre directly to the
audience with greater power, devoid of theatrical gimmicks. He expressed deep
disappointment with the prevailing theatre concepts in France at that time. The
French theatre was characterized by rigidity, focusing heavily on external
elements such as elaborate sets and lighting. However, Artaud's encounter with
a group of theatre practitioners from Bali who performed in France left a
profound impact on him. He was particularly influenced by the strong
communication and core values of Asian theatre. As
a result of this experience, Artaud conceived the idea of the theatre of
cruelty, which began to take shape in his mind. It's important to note that the
term "cruelty" here does not refer to violence or harm but rather
serves as a means of communication, akin to languages. Artaud believed that all
communication mediums have their limitations in conveying certain things, and
he sought to transcend these limitations through the theatre of cruelty. To do
so, he veered away from traditional language-based communication and instead
explored the expressive potential of the human body on stage Finter (1996). Artaud's output in terms of written plays or directed productions was
notably limited. However, his ideas greatly influenced numerous theatre
personalities, such as Grotowski and Peter Brook, who went on to produce many
significant works inspired by Artaud's ideas. Grotowski's theatre, for example,
emphasizes the centrality of the body as the primary content, while Peter
Brook's concept of ‘empty space’ often
involves the breaking the fourth wall, blurring the boundary between actors and
the audience, has a link to the theatre of cruelty. These approaches all have
philosophical underpinnings. Artaud referred to his acting process as
"hieroglyphics" and considered the actor's body as an alphabet. In
this context, the actor's body is transformed into a set of symbols, much like
Chinese hieroglyphics, enabling it to directly communicate emotions and
expressions to the audience. The theatre of cruelty, according to Artaud,
eschews external embellishments, and great performers like Grotowski believed
it should be performed in a natural and unfiltered manner. This form of theatre
facilitates direct and intimate communication between actors and the audience,
blurring the boundaries and eliminating the traditional fourth wall. Artaud's
exploration of the theatre of cruelty sought to achieve intensity, emotional
impact, and surprise in theatrical performances by tapping into the powerful
language of the human body, without relying on conventional theatrical elements
Britannica (1998). These parallels offer insights
into the portrayal of the Joker character in movies. The character's
physicality, symbolizing chaos, and intense emotions, aligns with Artaud's
vision of direct, visceral expression, often bypassing conventional theatrical
elements for emotional impact and surprise. The Joker's portrayal captures the
spirit of Artaud's Theatre of Cruelty, provoking intense emotional responses by
tapping into the raw power of the human body. Simon (2009) 3)
The Joker
Unleashed - Exploring Theatrical Cruelty Within Reach of the Audience: The audience's perception of a
villain is often temporary and fleeting, whether it's in a play or a movie.
However, "The Joker" stands apart, having garnered a substantial global
fan base. Among the various portrayals, Todd Philip's version, brilliantly
portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix, has been widely accepted and earned him an
Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. People are naturally drawn to
stories that feel genuine and relatable to society, and Todd Philip's Joker's
background story resonates deeply, making it more authentic and relatable
compared to other interpretations of the character. Heath Ledger's
portrayal of the Joker in 2008 was another beloved and embraced rendition of
the character. Both Phoenix and Ledger managed to connect with audiences on a
profound level, evoking a range of emotions through their performances. Their
portrayals have become more than just characters; they have become familiar
figures intertwined with the collective consciousness of the common people. Phillips (2019) Some elements easily connect the Joker characters to people, especially
the character's pain, social conditioning, marginalization, blame, emotions,
and anarchistic behaviors, as well as the actor's
performance. However, what's more important in this case is that these kinds of
human natures are emphasized. In previous stories about the Jokers, they all
had supernatural backstories. But in the cases of Todd Philip and Heath Ledger,
the stories were told or visualized more believably. Throughout these
portrayals, the character engages the audience in an emotional, psychological,
philosophical, and believable way. Through these examples, it is evident that
the Joker is depicted as an ordinary man who has endured and struggled with
various challenges, such as his career, passions, family, and more. This
complexity makes it easier for the audience to accept and empathize with the
character, even when he manipulates his criminal side. Of course, the Joker is
a criminal and has committed heinous crimes like murder. However, the
storytelling beautifully transcends these negative aspects. Nolen (2008) The character's exploration of power and society also adds depth to his
portrayal, presenting him as an anarchist. The Joker is a man who has been
marginalized by the patriarchal world, leading him to embrace anarchism.
However, he is more motivated by the ideology of chaos and its symbolism than
by the specific means to achieve it. In Batman: The Animated Series, presented
by Mark Hamill, the Joker embodies both pleasure and violence, but Heath
Ledger's portrayal puts intellect before emotion. He is depicted as an
empiricist, a moral philosopher, and a prankster. In reality, his motivation is
to demonstrate how abolishing the state will lead to a more libertarian and
equitable society. This contempt for order makes Ledger's Joker scarier than
other portrayals. Christopher Nolan, the director, and writer of The Dark
Knight, called Ledger's Joker "a psychologically credible anarchist"
and depicted the character in a socio-political landscape. The character's use
of emotional stories and a distinct presentation style is another reason why
people love this character. For
example, the dialogue "Do you know how I got these scars?" presents
multiple answers that can easily evoke public and emotional responses. All of
these stories are deeply connected to common people and are portrayed in a
relatable manner. The Joker's traumas, such as facing child abuse or
self-inflicted wounds, are central to the narratives. Consequently, the
character's stories, expressions, emotions, appearance, and every other aspect
leave a lasting impression on the audience. It is almost as if the character
breaks the fourth wall, transcending the silver screen, and enters the
emotional minds of the audience. In the theatre of cruelty, the actor breaks the concept of the fourth
wall, and the performance is completely dependent on the actor’s performance rather than external gimmicks. While an actor is
performing a play using the method of the theatre of cruelty, the audience can
feel the actor's breathing, smell, and all. All experiments done in the theatre
are completely based on what the creator wants to convey and what experience
they want to convey. All the work that happened on the stage was based on the
experience of the audience. It is reconstructing the unpracticed and
occurrences of the audience. The same is happening in this theatre of cruelty
by Artaud. Here, the theatre of cruelty provides a very intensive experience
for the spectators Fagel (2018). It is a very simple approach that uses more symbolic stagecraft with
minimal things and also more with the actors’ bodies. Acting in this scenario
changes from technical to more emotional and passionate. Every pageant contains
more physical and objective elements. From the cliche spectacle, Artaud changes
to an intensively experienced spectacle. Always exhibiting unexpected
combinations of visuals and images. Through this intimacy, the audience can
experience all the emotions, feelings, touch, smell, and voice of the actors.
So, this is creating a deep emotional intimacy between the actors and the
audience. A shocking experience is exhibited to the audience here. These
unexpected images and the unexpected potency of acting and performance give the
audience an unforgettable dramatic experience. So, it is an emotionally moving
performance from the actor to the spectators. Moore (1988) 2. Joker on Social Media and During COVID-19 Pandemic During the COVID-19 pandemic,
prolonged lockdowns confined people to their homes. Initially, many believed
the situation would resolve quickly, and some even celebrated the lockdown as a
temporary vacation, spending quality time with family. However, as the lockdown
persisted, emotional and mental health challenges like depression, anxiety,
identity crises, and mood swings emerged. It's important to note that not
everyone experienced these issues; some individuals enjoyed this period and
even found creative inspiration. Gunn (n.d.) To cope with their feelings and
connect with others, people turned to social media as a platform for
self-expression. Instead of using words alone, they employed "memes"
– images, videos, or other media that rapidly disseminate among internet users
to convey their emotions. Notably, the character of the Joker from various
movies, whose backstory involves isolation and marginalization, resonated with
the struggles people faced during the pandemic. The parallels between the
Joker's narrative and individuals' mental health challenges, including depression,
anxiety, and identity crises, inspired them to utilize Joker memes and memes in
general as a means of self-expression. Burton (1989) Several memorable quotes from movies like "The Dark Knight"
and "Joker" gained popularity and were widely circulated as memes.
These quotes, such as "If You're Good at Something, Never Do It for
Free!" and "All It Takes Is a Little Push!", resonated with
people because of their relevance to mental health and emotional struggles
during the lockdown. For
instance, quotes like "I used to think that my life was a tragedy, but now
I realize it’s a comedy" and "All I have are negative thoughts"
struck a chord with those experiencing difficult emotions during this
period. One popular Joker meme during the COVID-19 pandemic featured the
dialogue: "What do you get when you cross a mentally ill loner with a
society that abandons him and treats him like trash? You get what you...n’
deserve!" This meme highlighted the impact of society's treatment on
individuals' mental health. Another widely shared meme featured the quote,
"The worst part of having a mental illness is that people expect you to
behave as if you don’t." This quote resonated with those struggling with
mental health issues as it reflected the challenges of societal expectations.
The use of Joker memes during the COVID-19 pandemic was a creative and
expressive way for people to cope with the emotional and mental health
challenges brought on by the lockdown. The character's experiences mirrored
their feelings of isolation and marginalization, making these memes a means of
sharing their thoughts and emotions during this difficult time. Brubaker & Mahnke (2005) In the context of the Theatre of
Cruelty, this phenomenon highlights how artistic expressions, even in
unconventional forms like memes, can serve as a cathartic means of confronting
and articulating complex emotional and psychological experiences, mirroring
Artaud's emphasis on the direct, visceral communication of human emotions and
struggles in theatre. 3. Conclusion The shared commonality between
the Theatre of Cruelty and the Joker lies in their adept utilization of
emotions and intense performances, resulting in a striking resemblance in their
impact on the audience. In the case of the Joker, this emotional element
motivates people to express their feelings through memes, videos, and quotes, particularly
pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic characterized by widespread social
isolation and distancing from social connections. Social media emerged as the
platform through which individuals indirectly conveyed their emotions, with
quotes, memes, and trolls serving as accessible means of doing so. The Joker
character's portrayal of these emotions and situations resonated deeply with
the audience, prompting people to adapt and relate to it. The exploration uncovers a profound interplay between popular culture,
artistic expression, and introspective psychology. Through the prism of the
Joker character, one witnesses the potent role of memes as a medium through
which individuals navigate and articulate their innermost thoughts, emotions,
and struggles. Simultaneously, the Theatre of Cruelty, with its unwavering
emphasis on intense, visceral experiences and the direct transmission of
emotions through the human body, provides an illuminating framework for
comprehending the resonance of the Joker character in contemporary culture. The
character's unique capacity to provoke profound emotional responses
reverberates with Antonin Artaud's vision of theatre as a conduit for
connecting with raw, primal emotions. As individuals traverse the digital terrain of meme culture, they
encounter a realm where personal struggles and intricate inner thoughts are
grappled with. The Joker character, with its portrayal of profound
psychological turmoil and societal estrangement, becomes a symbol through which
people articulate their own experiences, whether rooted in mental health,
isolation, or identity. Within this confluence of theatre, cinema, and digital
expression, the enduring relevance of humanity's innate need to connect, share,
and navigate the complexities of inner worlds becomes evident. Joker memes, in
their capacity to provoke introspection and spark conversations, serve as an
embodiment of the dynamic interplay between art and technology in engaging with
the deepest thoughts and emotions. They function as both a mirror reflecting
struggles and a canvas for creative expressions. Ultimately, this exploration underscores the timeless power of
storytelling and artistic expression to illuminate the intricacies of the human
psyche, transcending the boundaries of medium and challenging society to
confront innermost thoughts in the ever-evolving digital age. However, it is
imperative to underscore that such emotional expressions should never serve as
justification or manipulation for criminal activities. Criminal behaviour remains
inherently wrong, and this article neither advocates nor condones it. Boussiac (2015) This exploration of the interplay between the Theatre of Cruelty and the character of the Joker opens doors to numerous avenues for future research. Subsequent studies could delve into the precise mechanisms and cognitive processes through which emotional connections are forged between audiences and performers, whether in live theatre or cinematic experiences. Additionally, investigating the evolution of emotional expressions and their role in contemporary artistic and cultural contexts, particularly in the realm of digital media, promises to be a fertile area of inquiry. Furthermore, examining the ethical implications of employing intense emotions in artistic representations, especially within the context of the Theatre of Cruelty and its modern adaptations, presents an intriguing avenue for future exploration.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS None. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None. REFERENCES Alter, R. (2019, October 2). Don't Get it Twisted : The Ultimate Guide to the Joker's Origin Stories. New York Vulture. Artaud, A. (1970). The Theatre and its Double. Calder & Boyars Ltd. Ashraf, T. A. (2013). Marlowe’s Theatre of Cruelty : Threat, Caution, and Reaction in Five Plays. Stamford Journal of English, 7, 16-26. Boussiac, P. (2015). The Semiotics of Clown and Clowning. Bloomsberry Publication. Brubaker, R., & Mahnke, D. (2005). Batman : the Man Who Laughs. DC Comics. Burton, T. (Director). (1989). Batman [Film]. Warner Bros. Collins, S. T. (2019, December 16). The Complete History of Joker. Rolling Stone. Fagel, E. (2018, April 5). Theatre of Cruelty Assaults its Audience. Washington Square News. Finter, H. (1996). Antonin Artaud and the Impossible Theatre : The Legacy of the Theatre of Cruelty. JSTOR, 41(4), 15-40. https://doi.org/10.2307/1146659. Gunn, J. (Director) (n.d.). Suicide Squad [Film]. DC Films. Martinson, L. H. (Director). (1966). Batman [Film]. Greenlawn Productions. Moore, A (1988). Batman : The killing Joke. DC Comics. Nolen, C. (Director). (2008). Dark Knight [Film]. Warner Bros. Phillips, T. (Director). (2019). Joker [Film]. DC Films. Simon, E. (2009). Art of Clowning. Springer. Tripney, N. (2017 September 7). Antonin Artaud and the Theatre of Cruelty.
© ShodhKosh 2023. All Rights Reserved. |