ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
AN INTROSPECTION ANALYSIS OF HUMAN VALUES DEPICTED IN TAMIL MOVIE SUPER DELUXE Dr. S. Nandakumar 1 1 Professor
and Head, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Periyar
University, Salem, Tamil Nadu- 636 011, India 2 Ph.
D Research Scholar, Department of Journalism and Mass Communication, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu-636 011, India
1. INTRODUCTION The human values are an unending process of the biological system. The human identity is a personal need to link the human emotion and desire which are naturally connected in human life. The human life is incomplete when the judgment starts to think it as right and wrong. In the social perspective, this judgment is acceptable, but in human life it is an incomplete process of living life. Though the human life is naturally shaped, it is structured by the environment. The human life is accomplished when the life is changing or controlled by the deeds of others Rokeach (2008). The movie Super Deluxe explores an accurate image of humanity in contemporary world which are beautifully portrays through the movie characterization. The method of cinematic teaching is influencing the attitude and human values in the people behaviour. The Cinema is used as a tool to expresses different aspects of human life in society Blasco et al. (2010). The creative caption, the attractive theme, the excellence of the action, the part of actors and actresses, the dialogue, the songs and music, the photography are inspired the mass audience without any barriers and language disparities. The audience plays a vital role in development of Indian cinema. The film makers understand the audience expectation of emotion, love, actions, fights, and songs from a movie. These things have helped them to make cinema in a different way Bowes (2013). In Tamil Cinema, emerges from Tamil language and culture, it connects with both content in entertainment strands. The powerful film medium expresses the society, social functions, and economic situations. A study of Tamil cinema industry will support to know about the socio- culture, religious and political values and show the connection between people and the society Pendakur (2003). In the Tamil industry film makers have some specialization in their cinematography, movie characterization, technical work, aesthetic screen play, narration and the movie concepts which includes in their direction. The debut film director Thiagarajan kumararaja is a director and screenwriter. He dumps his experience and quality in his two films, one of them is Aranya Kandam released in 2010 and the film earned the Indira Gandhi Award. (Times of India). He introduced screenplay writing and direction in a unique manner. Movie Aranya Kandam is a thriller movie without comedy and romance; it achieves the title of a great movie in the Tamil industry. The Aranya Kandam is a flashback of Super Deluxe (2019). This is his second film realised after eight years in the genre of the first neo-noir film in Tamil cinema. It explores the connections between the film and the audience, which is always a new experience to the spectators. The movie Super Deluxe explores an immoral concept that is viewed in positive ways, which is the film portrays a sexual fantasy, morality, and a meaningless life. The film concept shows that deeply into the Dark Side of the human mind, and there is no judgement for human characters. The movie contains joy and fun experiencing of life. People refuse the pop culture in film making and with the black comedy, but it ends with the dramatic life and also testing the human spirit quality and importance of sex. The black comedy film enhances the hidden things of people who refuse in life. The movie highlights the swear words, double intenders intenders and ‘what the fuck' moments to be described in an understanding manner. Moreover, the concept touches on the part of romance, social commentary of current life, sentimental and the value of human life on the earth. The film characterization is one of the major social roles to explore the social changes like a quirky gangster, a greedy doctor, a heartless and horny police, a publicity crazy politician and unwanted neighbours. Among these characters the loyal man also visualises lifting the characters. The overall mood of the film creates some ambience,
colour, tone was helped to highlight the role of a person’s character and some
core themes talking about the value of human and society to be connected and
creating a unique world. The complicated process of story writing is connected with three directors, which is Mysskin, Nalan kumarasamy
and Neelan these writers know the film mood and write an individual story
episode of one and another. The writers gave freedom to Kumararaja to make important and necessary changes of the story to
connect all the episodes. The movie practices the concepts of anthology in
Indian cinema which is correlated with different short stories. The women
character keeps explaining about chastity, and they convey the real meaning of
life to those who judge their characters. Kumara Raja's choice of original
title name is Aneethi Kadhaigal (Immortal
moral stories). It is an interesting title that suits the film. The director
presents the moral of the story in the climax, which shows the human values and
meanings of life to explore in different ways. The four episodes were featuring
the hidden secret of the life through the protagonist who committed sin in
public perspective (Movie Buzz, 2029). The super deluxe is also one of the contents of a dynamic relationship about a couple facing with issues around the gender of feminist and masculinity. It is all associated with the Battle of stereotype conflicts, the movie fully designed with little more magnificent postmodern pranks. In another view of this film is about domestic drama, it is a domestic drama which explores problems and relationship acceptance. The stereotype movie is played in different genres in Tamil cinema. Super Deluxe comes under the genre of hyperlink cinema, it means different and related stories connected with one another in the interlocking narratives. In 1973 the term Anthology was introduced in world cinema. The set of different short stories creates a separate movie with a common theme. But it has something common to connect all the plots. The movie has different stories writers, but it all joins somewhere in the movie direction Nichols (1976). The movie genre Magical realism is a literary movement. Magic realism is categorised as a modern form of writing, and it suggests that these are simply pre-existing western forms. It includes with supernatural events (fantasy) into the real-world events without any questioning or doubts. The movie is associated with the style of writing that is connected with magical techniques. The literature and art combination are the best description of magical realism. There is some question about the combination of fantasy and truth is the nature of reality. An event of magical realism that appears in a lived experience is made extraordinary. A writer’s only contribution is to create the mode with complex writing. The magical realism is a large part of different art forms in different periods of times. There are two main movements applied in magical realism that is literature and art, these both are recently applied in cinema works Hurley (2003). Magic realism and magical realism are the most effective that can identify the viewer’s imagination of what is magic behind. Instead, the imagination leads the people into the magic world of the story. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE This
chapter deals with the themes of hyper-link, magical realism and human values
of love, care, relationship, gender, sexuality, religious, politics, society,
nature, transgender, human mind, discrimination, feelings, social practice,
family, art, murder, culture, power, God, discipline, spirituality, the
universe, technology, and civilization. These topics were carried out people’s
different understanding about human values and their reviews were discussed in
it.
Shirky says, "In the social capital
there are two divisions, which is bonding capital and bridging capital".
The Bonding capital helps to develop the in-depth connection and trust in a
homogenous group, bridging capital helps to develop the strong connection among
the heterogeneous groups” Castells (2010). The main involvement of quality of life (QOL)
concept is to include with the performance of human mechanism is important for
QOL. The internal life of a personal factor’s element is particularly
essential. Social involvement and environmental factors were also significant
but usually balanced by people’s expectations. In the participants’ perception,
it is possible to possibly develop new knowledge and use traditional methods to
obtain the supplement information on QOL Levasseur et al. (2009). The teen-age people have accurate beliefs in
their life, they have different tendency in each stage of their life, and there
are two interpretable truths about their beliefs concerning the good and bad
outcomes of physical actions and occupation Fischhoff et al. (2000). The film Breillat talks about the romance
and representing a subject’s responses of psychical fear that has been
fulfilled with terrified, which is external impingements or surrendered and
control by another. The need for the subject presents the results through read
or acted. Significantly, the writing of Behavoir
elaborating implicit ideas and the Breillat film explain the surrender is unchangeable as it
first appears. However, it is a process of significant transformative to become
a woman as a sexual object, and without masochism the women cannot express
their desire Constable (2004). The counselling psychologists understand the
imperative of a transgender individual’s emotional and coping processes. It is
necessary for counsellors to assess the process of transition period to
establish the changes of human mechanism could be used and motivate with the
social support Korell & Lorah (2007). In the process of transition, they must know
about the awareness of discrimination and how negative experience can change a
person and affects their mental health Budge et al. (2013). Women have
some restrictions and protections provided around their family and society. In
that some women hate these kinds of restrictions and rules, they are inspired
by the foreign culture habit of smoking and drinking liquor in the name of
fashion. Nowadays,
women’s freedom increases, and they throw away the society and morels because
of their pleasure of happiness. The terrorism, murder, kidnapping, theft, and
some illegal issues are committed by women. From the beginning, women are
represented in cinema in the way of her virginity, chastity, love, and
patience. But all the purity of women changed into sinful, and they are ready
to do anything for their own pleasure and happiness. Kani (2018) The teenage
desire is created by the society, and it is recreated by the social context
like TV, the internet, religious institutions, classrooms, and clubs. There is
a relationship between sexual decision-making, empowerment, and pleasure, which
is called critical constitutive. The young people’s interest and ability is to
satisfy their wide range of pleasure and desire. The desire stimulates wanting
not just sexually but also socially, politically, and culturally. These kinds
of desire intersect with age, class, race, gender, sexuality, citizenship
status and ability to advocates for youth’s capability and to create the dream
futures, which they wish to live. The desire cannot be controlled by a person
without knowing about sex. People want to search until they know about the
pleasure of action Oliver et al. (2013). Romantic and sexual knowledge is a role of
religiosity, acculturation groups and learning aspirations to a youngster’s
life in the thinking process of readers. For example, superior levels of
acculturation group have been connected with the
understanding of dating aggression. A cross-ethnic association of sexual
experiences has romantic aspects from the point of adolescence themselves.
Asking young people what they wish, and they recognized yielded significant
approaches relating to interconnects with relational, emotional, interpersonal
desires and physical Adams & Williams (2011). In human,
naturally their emotion responses could connect to their life. It is a system
of mechanism which depends on the situation and condition of specific moral in
normative consideration. It influences the emotional reactions. The review says
that humans are interested in family with a democratic system (equally
important) because many people are interested in modern society, at the same
time they agree their statement of showing behaviour that broke the moral
principle Bartels (2015). Generally, the valuation is divided
into two categories that are rational or irrational, but all the human lives
are equal Bjälkebring et al. (2016). The article
explores two problems about youth health, the wide area of youth health
outcomes like behavioural, emotional, and academic variables and, importantly,
includes the broad range of stress predictors. The depression that symptoms
affect the human mind, they take alcohol to escape from depression, and they
continuously become addicted to drinking habit. This can be affecting the
emotional behaviour that causes some problems in the youth life. The positivity
and negativity play a major role in the item of emotional and behaviour. For
example, the task of problem-lending coping is related to behavioural and
emotional problems and associated with positivity to GPA Lubbers (2005). Tamil movies have different elements of
changing people’s lifestyle, the place where a deep root of traditional and
female ideals is more important to female portrayals. The women characters
portrayed in Tamil movies ultimately re-emphasize the traditional values even
though they wore modern clothes. The classical literature is followed in
contemporary movies, which is deeply strong in traditional women as a cultural
product, is the main product. To continue the culture system in everyday lives
in our society and the practice of religious system, the practice of religious
system gives to the form of traditional femininity in Tamil society. In India, traditionally, the
feminist movement is a movement of women who believe in the values of devotion
and chastity to their family. Karupiah (2015). A relationship between a person and spiritual
life offered the sense of this connection to their deity and with a holly
community or spiritual aspect of self. The spiritual identity is created when a
person realizes the valuable aspects of self and when a person forgets their
aspects of self, the spiritual beliefs development in humans’ life and
encourage them to involve in the communities and spiritual practices. The
intention of spiritual development is an identity, and it puts a huge effort to
protect the adult life because of encouragement Kiesling et al. (2006). People have
some personal expectations from their life. Human deep emotions and
individuality create the human’s non-conventional world. In the genetic
fiction, the artists found the feelings of love and loss and explored the
mechanized culture, which makes them feel threatened sometimes. The thought of
a human creates a system through the generic and they believe that narrative
expectations of life. Jerng (2008). Fundamentally,
emotions are like feelings which contain joy, distress, anger, fear, disgust,
and surprise. In addition, it is recommended that there is an additional set of
superior cognitive emotions which involve social communications, like loving,
jealousy, guilt, embarrassment, shame, pride, and envy Boul
et al. (2009). Intimate relationship of non-kin-based,
affairs, different kinds of relationships with other involves that the person
willingly chooses to set up a personal relationship with one more person
because they desire the multifaceted private character that makes the person
more than those of other people De Munck & Korotayev (2007). The structured literature review which has been prepared
and collected based on the subjective themes. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. Objective · To study the human mind in a different perspective. · To analyze the movie concepts driven by the centric point of human values. · To examine the human life consists in different aspects. ·
To discuss character’s structure within a single
film. 3.2. Research Question · How the director breaks Tamil cinema moral through the movie Super Deluxe? · What are the factors that arouse through the characterization? · How the movie visualized the sexuality? · What all are the socially relevant issues the film discusses? 3.3. Hypothesis H1-A human nature is changeable, it depends on their comfort. H2-Humans are ready to sacrifice anything for the happiness. H3-Without sex the universe could not be exist. H4-There is nothing permanent in this world (positive or negative), everything will change at a particular time. 3.4. Theoretical Framework In 1962, Andrew Sarris wrote notes on ‘Auteur theory’ who coined the term. The term explained the 'auteur' is competence of technical elements, director’s personal style, and underlying meaning of movie concepts. The technical elements of visual, filmmaking, storytelling and camera pane are all focused by a director who uses his personal style. The director’s signature is surely communicating about the costumes, sets, editing, cinematography, and music. This is all about a good director’s efforts and a creative vision of personal style in the movie. 3.5. Research Design The study deals with the research design using secondary data were collected from the subject matter. The present study is an analytical research that helps to gather already available information, source factors and discuss the subject of critical evaluation. The visuals from film which relates to the characterization of human values have been analyzed by the researchers. 4. Analysis The chapter
discusses the variables and implications compared with the theory of Auteur and
Structuralism. The thematic concepts of Human Values are applied in the movie
characterization, and it deals with the relationship between one another. The
director’s style and visual details were explained in the chapter. The images
denote the term of the Hyper-link sequence and the magical realism. The movie
themes explain the importance of the human and the values are discussed. The movie ‘Super Deluxe’ (2019) directed by Thiyagarajan Kumararaja and his movie’s visuals and the characters were chosen as a sample for the research analysis. The movie was discussed by the audience as well as critics. The movie visualized the importance of human values portrayed by the movie characters in the concepts of love, care, relationship, gender, sexuality, religious, politics, society, nature, transgender, human body, feelings, social practice, family, art, murder, culture, propaganda, power, God, discipline, spirituality, the universe, technology, and civilization. The movie’s technical creation, new way of screen language, screen play and theoretical design was brilliantly shown in the movie. The audience can surprisingly perceive only the structure of magical scenes. The main elements of black comedy, corruptions, sociology, and culture are made the movie complete creation. An indirect concept that would be hidden shots may associate with the characters. Some shots or objects may connect the character and relate to some scenes. Which is comes under the genre of hyperlink. The super duplex has four separate stories; each plot connects with one another. The each story happens in two days within a film. The main character Shilpa’s story happened on the first day, it was identified when she met two people who were Arputham before the realisation from the blind beliefs of God and Vambu’s ex-boyfriend Kannama before he died. Next Shilpha lost her son in the marketplace. At that time, she met two people whom were characters related to different stories of the super deluxe. Figure 1
The director used some unique shots and deep identical shots which relate to the character reference and detailed notes of the concepts. The character Mugil use to say the word Fuck in front of a little boy, the boy easily catches such kinds of words from elders. It also noted in another place, Raasukutty friends always teasing him with the word of ‘test-tube-baby’ which is learn from school teacher and the school boys teasing Shilpa with word of ‘Nine’ denotes the Transgender people with disrespectfully, the reference shots shows the Indian leaders’ image in the school. Which is explores the great morals that are learnt from the leaders of our nation but some of our elder generations taught this kind of words to children. The school is a place to learn good things at the same time it also helps to learn unwanted things. So, the elders must be careful to speak in front of the children. 4.1. Jungle Experience The entire movie was visualised like a jungle experience to be associated with the Mugil and Vambu's house paintings. It is like fully covered with trees and dark greenery wild. There is another art work identified in the house of Idi Ameen which is full of animals’ statues and pictures. It all represents the animal characters of Idiameen. In another way, Idiameen may be the reason for Kannan’s death. These both scenes were connected by the money problem with a Gangster IdiAmeen. The “Vaalvin Ragasiyam” movie director Kannan's name was mentioned in the movie poster, so we can associate the director and Vambu’s ex-boyfriend Kannen with the same person in the movie. Kannan has a lot of pressures with the movie finance problems, so this may be the reason for kannan’s death. The director connects all the scenes associated with a particular character. Figure 2
4.2. Flying monkey The meaning of flying monkeys is a psychological term and a person of Nacis who wants to achieve the entire thing for what they want like accusing, emotional blackmail, ordering, ragging, demanding, criticizing, shaming and sarcasm. Those characters are called nacis, the word is related to the flying monkey. The director relates the term to Berlin because he did all the criminal attacks on others, so the character ends with the name of a flying monkey. The word used in the place of the Television brand name. The director visualized in the title introduction on the television screen which the brand of the flying monkey Television. In another shot, Soori broke the same brand television, and the boys are replacing the broken television instead of new one in the same brand of flying monkey. The director connects the word with Berlin, who said himself that ‘my mind is like a monkey, it is not staying in one place'. Finally, the boys throw away the broken television but unfortunately the TV fell on Berlin’s head. The reason for Berlin's death is only because of Shilpa's curses on his head. The Curse of the Transgender word reflects on Berlin. Finally, the TV fell on Berlin’s head, and he died. 4.3. Annai videos The boys went to a DVD shop to buy porn video, the shop name is called ‘Annai videos'. It is a reference to Soori will know about his mother as a porn actress in the movie ‘Mallu uncut’. So, the director relates both shots with the name of ‘Annai videos’. The boys asks about the video of ‘Malu uncut'. The shop owner also takes the DVD and the shot visualises the name of ‘Senthamarai’, which means the name refers to the gender of men and women. This reference connects with the transgender character of Shilpa's presence visualised in the upcoming scenes. Figure 3
4.4. Gaaji split The Alien has the power to split Gaaji into two, this scene reference given from the beginning of Gaaji bought a chips packet from a shop, but the shop owner gave two packets to him. In another place the DVD shop is called ‘Anna videos’ near to the movie post of ‘Thillu Mullu’ which also had a double role with one person. The Northeast (Northie) house ambiance is also arranged in double things, which is like two windows, two chairs, two sofa, two doors and two wall paintings. The wall frame also symbolises, the sun splitting the thunder into two portions and two people standing near the thunder, which also resembles the Gaaji going to split into two person. In the movie, there is always visualised the cat image which is the symbol of rebirth, and it is associated with darkness; it also connects with magic and mystery but an unpredictable one. These all reference showed in whole movie which has many mysteries and magic are happens. Gaaji also wears a shirt with black colour, which is symbolising the rebirth of Gaaji slipt. So, the director used cat sound in many scenes. Figure 4
The specialisation of the film is about the director’s creativity. His first movie Aaranya kaandam characters also remind in the super deluxe movie. The characters of Gajendra and Singaperumal's condolence posts were visualized, and Berlin talked in a phone call with Mayilvaganan, the character also one of the roles from Aaranya kaandam movie. Mugil and vaembu’s car key is also visualised in Aaranya kaandam in the car sequence. ‘Ethu thevaiyo athuvea tharmam’ is the major concept of Aaranya kaandam and the concept also reflects through the characters of super deluxe. All have faced problems only because they want to fulfil their desires. ‘Asutham seibavargal thandikkapaduvargal’ the quote relates to the character of Shilpa, who missed her son Rasukutty in the Marketplace. The quote of ‘Asutham’ is symbolised with Shilpa, and she thought the reason for her son missing, only because of her injustice of Bombay children, they lost their eyes and legs because of Shilpa's selfishness. In the place the director gives a choice to the audience whether Shilpa character would punish or cut them off from the society. Figure 5
The alien and diamond scene were pre-texted at the beginning of the movie, which is an audio heard from Mugil's house TV while the guests are watching about aliens are still alive in the earth and they are mingled with humans. In some place the alien wall poster was also visualised in some other scene because of that pre-intimate of the alien scene. Finally, the boys had a chance to meet the alien who lived in the Northie house. In another place the news about diamonds which is telecast on the origin and the missing place of the India Ocean. When the boy entered the Northie house, the diamond news was telecast. Arputham got those diamonds from the ‘Sunami Andavar’ statue. These both scenes are connected part of the film. Raasukutty wait a long time for his father’s presence, but the director informed with the reference to a frame before the arrival of Shilpa that an orange colour Saree with one side and another side Jothi and Rasukutty dress was visualised, which means that he informed with the reference to a frame that Raasukutty’s father is not a man, he is a transwoman. Before the scene of shilpa’s presence, the previous shot explores the character of Shipa’s entry. Instead of ‘Senthamarai weds Senthamarai’ the name mentions the character of a transgender going to enter the next scene. Figure 6
When Shilpa entered his house, the house wall photo visualised the two women living in a house which resembles the character of Jothi and Shilpa. At the end of the movie, both live happily after her many struggles. A shot was visualised and an ant scene which is also explored is the house filled with relatives to welcome Jothi’s husband. The character Rasukutty, his friends and teenage boys are studying in same school. Each story happens in a particular place. The director indirectly referred to the scene in which Mukil and Vasanth lived in the same flat. The reference relates to the boy’s uniforms, Mugil and Vaembu put the dead body on the ground floor. At that time the steps were visualised as Vasanth loves Tina. These names are mentioned in that place. It identified with the conversation between Vasanth and his father. Vasanth revealed his love to his father about Tina and Sophie. Shilpa and Raasukutty walked near the fall and boys were also talking about the same place which symbolised a similar location of the characters. Figure 7
The movie poster of Vaalvin Ragasiyam which means the Secret of life with the key symbol poster and a car hangging key which is the only source to open the life secrets. The key also visualise in Mugil and Vaembu’s car. The car the key and Kannan dead body were visualised which referred to the character Kannan as a key of Mughal and Vaembu’s life. The main and most noted part of Valvin ragasiyam movie is Vaembu ex-boyfriend of Kannan. Thooyavan’s friend helps them to meet a gangster, Idiameen. The boy wears a t-shirt like fuck off (Fuck1/2) the word in the reverse angle. When the gangster tied him with reverse, his shirt visualised the word fuck off in the proper angle (Fuck off). Figure 8
The title of super deluxe is mentioned in many places, it is visualised as an ice cream brand name. The quote it is full of sweet till the last drop refers to the life is a super deluxe, so enjoy every moment of the life. The reference shot connected with the scene of Vaembu stands on the road, the ice creams vehicles cross her, and the brand poster is visualised in front of the theatre. Finally, the boys are enjoying the film with ice cream and Raasukutty is also enjoying with his family to eat ice cream. The Tsunami is a significant event of the whole movie. The reference shot connects the story of Vaembu's house wall paint and another place of Arputham's shirt and his shrine covered with blue colour. It is all representing the tsunami. Figure 9
The plastic cover is a tool of magic which is used by the alien for Gaaji’s split. It symbolises the gravity power and the force of split covers. The covers go up when it loses the power, the covers go down when it is under the power of gravity. The director talks about the equality which is used by the character. It was related to the Ambedkar images. He always protests for equality, so the director often shows Ambedkar image in his movie. Another scene we may connect the character of Mugil and porn actor are working in the same field because the shots of Mugil hold the key in his hand when he was enter into the house and the same attitude co-relates to the porn actor. Moreover, Mugill also works in Koothupattarai, which is a field related to cinema, this all only depends on the audience perception. Figure 10
Soori knows about her mother as a porn actress, and he runs fast to meet her mother with anger. While that time the devotees cross him and say careful to run or else something makes injured. The director beautifully explores the scene, as said like devotee Soori accidentally steps on the screwdriver himself. This is also one of the reference shots. Aeroplane shot relates to the same events in a different place when the boys throw away the TV set. At the time the director fixed an aeroplane shot and the TV fell on Berlin head, at the time also visualised the same aeroplane shot. This both aeroplane shots are the same but different stories. Figure 11
The director fixed a shot on all stories, which conveys the new life starts over. The character Mugil and Vaembu tear the tickets, the boys also tear the tickets and Shilpa also tears the tickets. The scenes explore the life going to start with a new beginning, so we just forget about the old things and memories. Enjoy the life with new moment. The ‘Super deluxe” ice cream brand and the aliens dress are similar in colour and design, which is related to the alien character. The ice cream brand visualized about the Alien character is going to be introduced in the movie which is also connected to the earth. Figure 12
4.5. Colour The whole film was covered with some symbolic colour tone which is used in the characters’ dress and characters’ surrounding place. It gives importance to only three colours, red, blue, and brown. Mugil and Vaembu’s dress also represents the colours of blue and red. Shilpa’s dress colour is red and blue. Arputham also wears a blue shirt, and his room is also in the blue colour, which may be symbolised by the tsunami. The colour red symbolises love, sex, anger, strength and blue explores the honesty, spirituality, freedom and equality. These are all the major concepts to the study of the 'Super Deluxe' movie. Ramaswamy wears brown colour, which symbolises the stability, simplicity, sensation, outdoors. The Alien dress code and her house are coloured with dark blue. 4.6. Schrodinger’s cat experiments The scientific Schrodinger analysed the super-state condition of a cat arrested into a box. The box contains the radio activity booms which there are many possibilities of blasting. It only depends on the cat activities. This is called ‘Contam analyses’. The director used the analysis in the place of Gaaji’s character; he is the human object to be used for the Alien’s experiment. The human activities may affect their life only depends on their situation and actions. This experiment was talking through the alien character. 4.7. Miller theory effects An experiment was conducted by Urey-miller. It is called the origin of life which is talking about 4000 million years ago; the meteorite fell from the space. It makes some changes from the water land which is divided into chemical and organ components. After the thunder affects the chemical components of the water, while the components produce billion wolf electricity. By this process, many electrons join together and create a genetic material. These changes produce a human cell and it multiple into many genetic cells combined and the emergence of a human body to be introduced in the world. The alien character explains to Gaaji about the human creation, this theory is also used in this film. 4.8. Butterfly effects The butterfly effect is called chaos theory and also connects with hyperlink structure, which means that often a small change in the phenomenon that brings connection can create various outcomes. In the film ‘Dasavatharam’ a quote mentioned about “there is a connection between butterfly wings flapping and causing world changes” like that the film has much sequence to connect the characters to one another, even the movie objects are also used for the butterfly effects. The boys throw away the broken TV but unfortunately the TV fell on Berlin’s head. Another scene of Arputham and Shilpa meeting also symbolises the connection of different people helping each other without their knowledge. The boys are searching only for money, but the situation creates a chance to meet a Gangstar and Alien. These are all the scenes connected with one another. It is connected with butterfly effect theory. Figure
13
The concept of aliens is still alive in extraterrestrial. It was scientifically proved by our scientist. In the film the aliens are still alive in the earth, and they are mingled with humans. In the final parts of the film, the boys meet the alien character to get to know about the world and human creation. The alien can experiment with human values and test the human character. The aliens are waiting for the realisation of the human must understand about the creation of the world, and everything is the same and unchangeable. The alien explains the autumn, it is one of the scientific researches about and autumn has the distance between electrons and nuclear is similar to that of a planet and sun. A molecule can be a galaxy itself. When an electron goes around the nuclear, that becomes its own year. The entire universe operates on a similar pattern. 4.9. Magical realism The elements of magical and fantasy that are explored as normal, the standard structure of reality changed into a question. The director uses the chance of magic elements is an alternative concept to accept the reality. In the film the director used the magical elements in two places, which is Shilpa missing her son in the market place and searching around the places while she crosses a wall. Here the director mentioned the word ‘Magical event'. After crossing the wall, it was changed into a ‘real-life magical event’. After that, she crosses the wall, it refers to the character that changed the life and finally accepts the reality. Shilpa is a connecting point for all the stories, so the director mentioned that a Magical Event happens when Shilpa crosses the wall. In another place, the word ‘Magical Realism' written there, which is the place where boys are going to murder a person with poison. In the shot the word refers to the boys who cannot move their body, and they are talking only their thoughts with the power of an alien. Gaaji’s split also gives a magical experience in this film. These all the sequence connects with the reality. Figure 14
The 'Super Deluxe' movie contains more stuff from each story. The analysis makes more understanding about the concept of desire and the reality of the society. The each characterization has played a significant role. The research is mainly about understanding the young characters and their problems of life leading them in a different way. The detailed shots contain more messages and information which carries to the audience. The super deluxe film is one of the significant movies in Tamil cinema. 5. DISCUSSION AND FINDINGS The film Super Deluxe
was created as a small world of the director Thiyagarajan Kumararaja. This is
totally different from the other Tamil movies. From beginning to end, every
part of the movie sequence is sculptured with the director's perspective.
Usually, the anthology cinema had many characters, which were beautifully
explored in different ways. Each character has two qualities of human nature,
which is optimistic and pessimistic. All the characters have some
specialization and that relates to the society. The director shows his
uniqueness in the way of human values that are shown in the movie characters,
and he explored science, theories, observations and much more in the film.
Mainly the detailed shots, pre-text references and magical realism, these all
are the ideology of this film. 5.1. Characterization The director expressed the selective characters which relate to the society and the depth of the character in reality. In Tamil cinema, central men character is usually narrated with extra-marital relationships. In majority films, women character portrayed as a conventional and cultured characters. The traditional women characters are always portrayed focus to their chastity and morality. Later, in modern times some significant movies have shown the state of women, thrown under a barrage of criticism and a list of accusations for equating women empowerment with sexual independence as modern women, extra-marital relationship, living together. The modern cinemas have broken the conventional and cultured tone of Tamil cinema. One of the modernist film directors Mani Ratnam always portrays women in a positive state and enhances the character with beautiful and bold in his films. His significant movie Raavanan (2010) explores indirectly that a married woman fell in love with who opposes the hero called the villain. A film Chekka sivantha Vaanam (2018) shows Woman's extramarital relationship with married men. In another movie Iraivi (2016) directed by Karthik Subbaraj portrayed woman’s chastity (which is a widow emotionally devoted to her dead husband, it is a justification story of her life in relationship with anyone without marry) The controversial short film Lakshmi (2019) directed by Sarjun KM is also one of the serious consequences for a woman crossing the boundaries of social morality and unhappy married women having one night with a stranger. The movie Peranbu (2018) presented woman lost her chastity for money. Kumararaja expressed the selective characters which relate to the society and the depth of the character in reality. The character Vaembu was portrayed as a dishonest woman because she had a sexual relationship with her ex-boyfriend Kannan. This negative role explores her sexual desire with an extramarital relationship. This betrayal action reflects on her by the way of Berlin. Berlin wants to fulfil his sexual desires with Vaembu, but she rejects him. In the place her character is expressed in a positive way of chastity of women. In the beginning, Mugil character portrays an honest man to his wife and society. He was cheated on by his wife, but Mugil helped her to escape from the death issues. In some point, Mugil thinks about himself as a selfish person. At some point, he accepts Berlin agreement of his sexual desires on his wife. Mugil wants to divorce vaembu because of her betrayal, but now Mugil did the same mistake to vaembu. The third gender visibility in Tamil cinema tried to be recognised in the society. From the beginning, transgender presence was not shown; it is rarely placed in the Tamil cinema world. After the transgender identity was exposed humourous manner, the film Thullatha Manamum Thullum (1999) which is abusing transgender among non-transgender people. The development of Tamil cinema reflects the character of trans people. In the middle of the time, the transgender character presented in the role of a villain Appu (2000) the famous actor Prakash Raj played as a transgender character, which also has a negative portrayal of a transgender character doing prostitute owner. It represents the open community that was not trusted by the transgender community. The consideration of LGBT is a controversial topic in Tamil cinema. The movie Paruthiveeran (2017) is also one of the controversial movies because of the song Oororam puliyamaram. It expresses transgender people’s actions, character, and physical behaviours. The song lines tease the transgender society, it makes the news sensitive. A transgender Vidya stated a point, the song representing the view of trans people is cheap, and a ten-year-old boy singing this song is insulting a transgender person in front of the public. The people are watching that movement, she says that the society dominates the third gender as an entertainer. After this consequence, the transgender role was changed lightly in Tamil cinema. The movie Appa (2016) which explores a transgender character in a positive way, a transgender helps to get his father back to the movie hero. The short role effectively portrayed the powerful content that the perception changes depend on the transgender community. The Kanchana (2011) movie also explores the sympathetic life of the transgender community and other films such as Thimiru pudichavan (2018) in which a transgender actress, Sindhu played the role of a police constable. This is the great changes in Tamil cinema. The film explores the employability of transgender people in their profession and the less opportunity in the cinema industry. Shilpa is the significant character in the super deluxe. As a Trans-woman, the society treats her like an animal and avoids her in the public places and she overcame the society. She thought that her problem would not affect her family because of the love for her son, which is explored optimistically, but by her desires she threw her family away, and she did wrong to some poor child. This is all she did only because of Shilpa’s selfishness. A greedy policeman Berlin is the villain character of the film. He fully played the negative role of harassing Shilpa and torture to Mugil and Vaembu. One single shot explores Berlin’s positive character, which is helpful to insert a leech to safely dispose of from the police station. The director expresses his villain role as in a normal movie. In India there is much diversity created through religion, culture, traditional and language. These are the major social concepts followed by some group of people, but secularism is another inspired modern perception that would be believed by people. The Tamil cinema lights up the view of secularism in many movies, for example, Bombay (1995) and Gypsy (2020). It is all talking about the moral of religious and values of secularism in India, but there are a few films only exploring the religious belief and its importance should be discussed among the Tamil audience. In this particular area, Naan kadavual (2019) movie is undoubtedly a new genre and a radical Tamil cinema. The story is about Rudra, the prayer of downtrodden people and how he turns out to be the Saviour of those people. In this film there are more social issues about the beggar's sufferings around devotional institutions, which are placed in a difficult, disturbing genre and highlighting the reality. Arputham is a spiritual person who prays for others and portrays as a godly child. On the other hand, he throws his wife Leela because she is a porn actress, and he does not care his family properly. At the beginning of the scene, Leela was also portrayed as a porn actress in the movie, but finally Arputham and his son Suri understand Leela’s thoughts and efforts to save her son from a critical situation. These characters were perfectly explored by the director. Teenage is one of the happiest stages of human life, even though not happy all the time. They usually want to enjoy the stage with satisfied lives and enjoy the relationship, which also understands emotions, activities, social connection, and a meaningful life. In Tamil cinema, shows the teenage lifestyle in a different perspective. Mostly, the concept depends on the love stories between teenagers and those particular states teens are in life pleasure and needs. For example, Valakku en 18/9 (2012) is a movie about a teen generation’s abuse because of technology. The director has thrown the light on today’s young adults should care with the action of sex, which clearly demonstrate the dangers in unexpected corners. Similar movies of Goli Soda (2014), Amar kaaviyam (2014), Attakathi (2012) it is all about teenage life style which is portrayed in the different ways and other movie of Boys (2013) is best compatibility movie of Super Deluxe. The director portrays a modern lifestyle of teen boys, but they are considered middle-class teenagers. The movie contains different social issues based on the adult life, which talk about the concept of friendship; sex, censorship, and injustice are perfectly explored in the movie. It is greatly under-appreciated in Tamil cinema because some of the sexually explicit stuff that they do causes too much shock which presided over common sense. In the movie there are five boys who played the leading role of super deluxe. Each character has some concepts that are talking about teen age. The boys faced many problems because of porn video. It explores the boys’ negative character while watching porn video at the age of a teen and also visualized soori’s extreme level of anger because of his mother's acting in the porn movie. By his extreme level of anger, he reflected himself with accidentally stabbing himself. The role of Mohan played in a positive way, as a true friend he helped him and stayed with Soori's bad situations. Vasanth is a foodie, and he supports his friends all the time. On the other hand, he is against his friend Gaaji because of his love for vasanth’s sister that will make him angry. The main character of Thooyavan is ready to do a murder because he needs money, but in particular, he realised himself to explore the truthfulness of his character positively. Gaaji is the significant character when compared to others. He played fully negative roles about lust, when he helps his friends, at the same time he hides a lot of things from his friends. The alien character Expresses about Gaaji is a good human, and his way of thinking about women is treated gently. All the characters associated with good and bad things, which resemble human beings have both characters, and they change depending on the situations. 5.2. Acceptance A state of mind fixing that accepting something or someone without knowledge is a general thing in the society. The actor Thiagarajan kumararaja also created the character which faced many problems because of their own desire. When the character should accept the situation, there is no problem with that. The character of Mugil and Vaembu lived a societal life, there is no understanding between the husband and wife, but finally both understand each other. After Mugil knows about Vaembu, he accepts her the way she is. Shilpa character is portrayed as selfish, but in the end, Shilpa wants to live with his son and wife because of the love. Jyoti and Raasukutty also accept Shilpa as a transgender. Arpuram is a spiritual man who throws away his family because of his God, but when Arputham meets Shilpa, he doubts his own god and accepts his wife, Leela. Soori is also afraid of his mother as a porn actress, but in the end, he realizes that porn acting is also a kind of a job. So, Leela’s family accepts her situation. Each character exposed a positive side as well as a negative side, the way the director connects each character accepts one another. The speciality of the film is acceptance; the director took this concept in the whole movie. 5.3. Desire A strong feeling or emotions are longing for something for the satisfaction of enjoyment. The movie started with the point of Desire which exposed life experience in different ways. The character, Vaembu's desires sex with her ex-boyfriend, but her husband, Mugil’s desire about love and to understand each other in their life. The five teenage boys’ story also started with the enjoyment of watching porn video, which led them to seek money to escape from their problems, and these all happened only because of Desire. The character transgender Shilpa runs away from her marriage on the first night because she cannot feel herself as a man, but her interest is to change her appearance like a woman, not in the family life. By this action she faced many problems because of her transformation. Raasukutty also had a dream of his father, and he wants to introduce his father to his friends, who tease them with the word test-tube-baby. Arputham wants to be a spiritual man of God; this is the vision of God that he believes in. The character of Leela also had a dream about her life that she wanted to be a famous actress, and she acted in a porn movie. The main character of Berlin had extreme desire for sex, he misbehaves with Shilpa and Vaembu, but finally he ends with death because of his desire. Each story started with the desire for sex and leads them to show their life in this world. 5.4. Importance of sex The director beautifully explores the sexual adventure experience may have with the pleasure of the known and unknown in a hyper-real manner. In Tamil cinema usually portrays sex as a visual pleasure for the viewers and it culturally connects with the reality, we live in. But in ‘Super Deluxe’ the director Thiyagarajan breaks the social morals in the audience view. Generally, sexuality is not talked about openly because of the discussion of right and wrong perception but the movie openly explores sexuality is a pleasure of a human being. That may be experienced in each stage of life and every individual may have that feeling to experience without any gender discrimination. The characters Vaembu had sex with her ex-boyfriend that may be discussed in the society but at some point, human cannot control the feelings of love, desire, emotions, and pleasure. The female sexual pleasure is significantly explored by the character, and it denotes the Morden culture of women having sex with whoever they are interested in. The teenage boys’ interests in porn videos are also explored in a humorous way but the director portrays the sexual feelings starting from the age of teenage. By the sexual interest creates a human seeking more pleasure at an age. The nature of sex is biological reproduction through the pleasure of experience. The biological sex cannot be defined easily but according to a human, they might accept each other. The character Berlin is forced to involve a woman in the sex. The representation of psychologically and socially connects each other. In another perception, sex is also one of the enjoyable by watching porn videos together to pass the time and avoid loneliness. In Tamil cinema the mother role is portrayed as pure and lovable but here the mother role portrays a porn actress's love and care for her son. She sacrifices herself for changing the poverty of her family, and her interest in acting is also one of the reasons for acting in the porn movie. In the place the director pointed out that sex is not a personal thing; it is also an entertainment to involve the viewers. The director conveys the sexuality is an important activity in the human, the actions start with sex and it is the starting point to create the world. The factors that connect the social ties and biological indicators are unstoppable. The character Manikkam, a married man, ran away from his wife at his wedding night. He realised himself as a trans person after his involvement in the sex with his wife. After seven years he came back to visit his family as a transgender person. The Trans Character Shilpha exposes her inner desires by the action of changing herself as a woman and then she is satisfied with her desire in this way. The human part of sex connects one another in the universe, that pleasure changes a person as they want. The director conveys stories starting with the concept of sex and how it took a person into a different way in their life. 5.5. Relationship In the human life people must be valued for the relationships, which are carried into their whole life. The young married couple Vaembu and Mugil played unhappy married couples, and they are seeking a pleasurable life which changes their life into a different way. The family life was constructed by the society, they create morals and values to be followed by the generations. A personal life was not considered as two individuals who are involved in a relationship, it is connecting to others who are people belonging to that relationship. They scarify their feeling and emotion to one another, instated off people accepts each other for who they are. The relationships are not connected with their mentality or physic, which is all created by nature, people must adopt what they have in their life. The relationship must be carried happiness, sadness, fights, and misunderstanding, which is unchangeable in human life when we practise in everyday life and must be perceived as a relationship. 5.6. The connection of human life in society The society was constructed by different people and their actions made different problems in an individual life. The human life is connected with various social actions of politics, government, religious, gender, and cultures. These all the events were links between a human into the society which is structured by other humans as their comfort. This is one of the important events in human life. A human life is not an individual one, it connects many people who all come under their rules. 5.7. Sexuality The character Shilpa is a representation of human sexuality which expresses her as a sexual being. The factors of sexuality help to develop the importance of human begin' values, which are arguable things in the gender community. A personality is one of the self-representations and influences the individual sexuality. The movie was complained about by the transgender community only because the film strengthens stereotypes. The transgender action and their self-representation are fully separated from the gender individuality. The emotions and feeling were beautiful explored in the way of dialogue delivery. The sexuality is not a matter among people, but everyone must understand an individual’s feelings and might be a conceder about their living. It is a complex behaviour in human sexuality and in a humanistic perspective. The transgender people’ culture, behaviour, personal and their relationship which is all affected by their surrounding people. The only solution, the acceptance, and the practice of treating the transgender must be changed in the society. 6. CONCLUSION Aneethi Kathaigal (Immoral stories) is a pre-title, and the name perfectly suits the film more than the name of Super Deluxe. Each character exploration is beautifully portrayed in the director’s world of the Super Deluxe. Every character starts with an immoral story. After that, how they accept the reality is the concept of the film. The human always changed by physically and mentally, that is only because of the situation, and everyone is not the right person to judge others. As a human, they have qualities of positive and negative which lead them into real life. Beyond that, there is no discrimination between humans. The director broke Tamil cinema morals with these movie concepts. The screenplay, concepts, dialogues and shots, everything connects with the reality. Tamil cinema is a mirror to reflect the society and culture which is adopted by the audience. Some movies are exactly exploring the life of people in the world. The directors’ views showcase the human character in different ways. The director Kumararaja beautifully explores the characters in the Super Deluxe. The women's freedom is one of the controversial topics in Tamil cinema. But the movie expresses women’s desire is also important in human life, it cannot be controlled by others. They have rights to get their desire from life, it may be love, sex, happiness, or anything. It is the pleasure of human values. Each stage of human life is longing for something to fulfil their desire. The human birth is associated with the values of love, emotion, desire, care, affection, and longing for something which all teach the importance of human connection and relationship with others. The learning stage is to observe everything in society about language, culture, lifestyle, good things and so on. These all help a human to be dependent on society. The interest and adventure of life is one of the most pleasurable things, and it would be dangerous in the stage of an adult. When people understand the life to accept what they get and avoid what they do not get. The life scarification is one of the significant roles in human life. Most of the women sacrifice their dreams and desires for their family and the people surrounding them. They were pushing into uninterested life. They have to live for the society and must accept the culture and social norms of others. In the present world, we also have the systematic life of scarification and accepting uninterested life for others' satisfaction. The societal life gives not a real feel about the life and its pleasure, these are all one of the dramatic lives in the human world. The humans are considered players to act their perfect role to impress the audience. Humans with their limited knowledge and lifespan are dictating the righteousness. And that righteousness is constantly manipulated to suit their convenience. The creation of spiritual belief is more positive and trusts something imagined. It gives relief from pain and a distressed life. The spiritual life is a personal emotion of a human being which is on a normal level that would maintain the life properly. When it goes beyond the control of a person, it would affect the life as well as the surrounding people. The extreme level of trust is dangerous for human life. The gender discrimination is a debatable topic in the present society. There are more controversial talks and debates around the male and female about gender equality and discrimination. The third gender (Transgender) is developing and changing into an acceptable gender in the contemporary world. The movie discussed the transgender community portrayed as selfish, and they give more importance to their self-satisfaction. Those people change their appearance for sexual pleasure. It is acceptable as well as respectable, but they do not think about their families and facing problems from the society. The imperfect human life would not be openly exposed in the society because the society treats them like ‘Prostitutes’, judging a woman as a Virgin and calling them Tranny. Those people are not considered an oppressed community, they lived their life as they wanted and as they felt like a human. When people obey the social structure and the culture norms, then only they are allowed into a happy life. The value of money in human life is daily required in the society. The movie visualized in a different perspective about the human struggles for money and its efforts for getting money is one of the thematic concepts. In the present society, money is more important than a human soul. A human is judged by their wealth, not by their character. The money can divide the society into rich and poor, good, and bad, these all hide the human values. The society was constructed by politics, justice, social norms, principles, culture, and the propaganda, these all are social system which associates with the human life. In the world, everyone should have some desire for their life. It may be good or bad, which depends on the character. The human quality of acceptance is a significant concept in the movie. Human has the power to connect two parts of a piece and make sense of it. This is human nature when they started to connect unrelated events and finding in concocted meanings of their connection became the reason for the birth of beliefs and religion. The world was created only for humans to be enjoying every moment of their life. There is no judgement for right and wrong, everything will be accepted for their comfort. Every human has a different perspective; it could not be changed for everyone’s comfort. The director finally concluded with the quote “life is meaningless, but it is beautiful”, the thoughtful lines make the sense of audience. The four stories tested the human belief, bravery, sexuality, pleasure, and life experience which all about a beautiful world is created in the name of Super Deluxe.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS None. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None. REFERENCES Adams, H. L., & Williams, L. R. (2011). What they Wish they Would Have Known : Support for Comprehensive Sexual Education from Mexican American and White Adolescents' Dating and Sexual Desires. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(10), 1875-1885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.05.013. Bartels, M. (2015). Genetics of Wellbeing and its Components Satisfaction with Life, Happiness, and Quality of Life : A Review and Meta-Analysis of Heritability Studies. Behavior Genetics, 45(2), 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-015-9713-y. Bjälkebring, P., Västfjäll, D., Dickert, S., & Slovic, P. (2016). Greater Emotional Gain from Giving in Older Adults : Age-Related Positivity Bias in Charitable Giving. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 846. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00846. Blasco, P. G., Garcia, D.
S., de Benedetto, M. A. C., Moreto, G., Roncoletta, A. F., & Troll, T. (2010). Cinema for Educating Global Doctors : From Emotions to Reflection,
Approaching the Complexity
of the Human Being. Primarycare,
10(3). Boul, L., Hallam-Jones, R., & Wylie, K. R. (2009). Sexual Pleasure and Motivation. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 35(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230802525620. Bowes, D. (2013). Why We Don’T Need More ‘24’ : The Torture-Happy Jack Bauer Should Stay Retired. Indie Wire, 15. Budge, S. L., Adelson, J. L., & Howard, K. A. (2013). Anxiety and Depression in Transgender Individuals : The Roles of Transition Status, Loss, Social Support, and Coping. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(3), 545. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031774. Castells, M. (2010). End of Millennium (Vol. 3). John Wiley & Sons. Constable, L. (2004). Unbecoming Sexual Desires for Women Becoming Sexual Subjects : Simone De Beauvoir (1949) and Catherine Breillat (1999). Mln, 119(4), 672-695. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3251954. De Munck, V. C., & Korotayev, A. V. (2007). Wife–Husband Intimacy and Female Status in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Cross-Cultural Research, 41(4), 307-335. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397107305445. Fischhoff, B., Parker, A. M., de Bruin, W. B., Downs, J., Palmgren, C., Dawes, R., & Manski, C. F. (2000). Teen Expectations for Significant Life Events. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(2), 189-205. https://doi.org/10.1086/317762. Hurley, S. (2003). Beliefs of Value Similarity Between Romantic Couple Members: Protective Functions and Compensatory Responses to Disconfirmed or Suspended Beliefs. Jerng, M. (2008). Giving form to Life : Cloning and Narrative Expectations of the Human. Partial Answers : Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, 6(2), 369-393. https://doi.org/10.1353/pan.0.0014. Kani, M. M. (2018). Sexual Violence Against Women and Remedies in Tamil Nadu. IJCRT, 6(2), 778-781. Karupiah, P. (2015). Have Beauty Ideals Evolved ? Reading of Beauty Ideals in Tamil Movies by Malaysian Indian Youths. Sociological Inquiry, 85(2), 239-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12070. Kiesling, C., Sorell, G. T., Montgomery, M. J., & Colwell, R. K. (2006). Identity Research and the Psychosocial Formation of One's Sense of Spiritual Self : Implications for Religious Educators and Christian Institutions of Higher Education. Christian Education Journal, 3(2), 240-259. https://doi.org/10.1177/073989130600300203. Korell, S. C., & Lorah, P. (2007). An Overview of Affirmative Psychotherapy and Counseling with Transgender Clients. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/11482-011. Levasseur, M., Tribble, D. S. C., & Desrosiers, J. (2009). Meaning of Quality of Life for Older Adults : Importance of Human Functioning Components. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 49(2), e91-e100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2008.08.013. Lubbers, D. (2005). Cognitive Mediators of Adolescent Drinking.
Wayne State University. Nichols, B. (1976). Movies and Methods : An Anthology (Vol. 1). Univ of California Press. Pendakur, M. (2003). Indian Popular Cinema : Industry, Ideology, and Consciousness. Hampton Press. Rokeach, M. (2008). Understanding Human Values. Simon and Schuster.
© ShodhKosh 2023. All Rights Reserved. |