ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
Blade Runner 2049: A Case Study of Avant-Garde Storytelling Dr. Amrita Chakraborty 1, Dr. Sunayan Bhattacharjee 2 1 Assistant
Professor, School of Liberal Studies (SLS), Pandit Deendayal Energy University
(PDEU), Gandhinagar, (Gujarat), India 2 Associate
Professor, Department of Liberal Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences (DLHS),
Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, (Karnataka), India
1. INTRODUCTION When the
Ridley Scott-directed Blade Runner (1982) was released, it did not
really set the Box Office on fire. As film aficionados would probably agree,
the reasons are multifarious. Not only was it unconventionally slow for a science fiction movie, but it was also a scathing
commentary on class differences in a world that was run by corporate entities
working solely for fattening the bottom line Berlatsky (2017). However, what irked the audiences
the most was its strangely cynical approach towards the unchecked march of
technology. The young tech-savvy generation did not take it very kindly. It is
important to remember the bigger social context though. The Cold War was still
on, and the Socialist Block had significantly weakened. The world at large was
taking a capitalist turn and the corporate interests had managed to get an iron
grip on public affairs. One of the biggest traits of capitalism is to create a
public illusion of mass development. Therefore, the educated and eternally
privileged middle class, which has traditionally been the biggest beneficiary
of capitalism, unapologetically crushes anything that goes against the system.
No wonder then that Blade Runner did not make a lot of money. However,
with time, the movie was able to generate a lot of academic interest so much so
that influential filmmakers like Christopher Nolan and Steven Spielberg were
deeply influenced by its stunning imagery and a dystopian take on
existentialism Sharf (2021). Cut to 2017. Technocracy has well
and truly arrived. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a reality and Machine
Learning (ML) threatens to take all jobs away from human beings. The advent of
social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
and WhatsApp has practically converted human beings to humanoids. The
spectre of cloning and the ethical discourse around it have made the concept of
replicants and perennial slavery more real. Thus, Blade Runner 2049
(2017), the much-discussed sequel to Blade Runner could not have been
released at a more opportune time. Just as
anybody can figure out, the movie is unconventional by its very premise.
Depicting a futuristic dystopian setting, just like the original version, the
sequel also poses some existential questions – questions that contemporary
human civilization is constantly grappling with. How humane is humanity? How
can humanity be defined and described? Is the human civilization dependent on
exploiting the underprivileged section? Are large corporate organizations
practicing quasi-slavery? Does human civilization value a woman only for her
reproductive ability? Is the widely discussed concept of gender equality only a
façade to hide the obvious pitfalls of globalized and normalized patriarchy?
These and more questions are likely to crop up when a viewer watches Blade
Runner 2049. Does the movie answer some of these questions? Any film
scholar would say that there is no definite answer to this question. Probably
the film does or probably the film does not. However, what is more critical to
understand here is the route that the movie takes to approach the above
questions. This is
precisely where the concept of avant-garde storytelling comes in. Before
getting any deeper into the subject, it is a prerequisite to understand as to
what avant-garde storytelling is all about. Cambridge Dictionary defines
avant-garde as follows: Avant-garde
ideas, styles, and methods are very original or modern in comparison to the
period in which they happen. Oxford Dictionary, on the other
hand, defines the concept thus: preferring
or introducing new and very modern ideas and methods. In essence,
avant-garde storytelling could be described as a novel and experimental way of
telling stories. In other words, to classify a piece of art (in this case, the
researchers are talking about a movie), it must dabble with original and new
elements. The researchers in this case make a dedicated attempt to uncover
those elements to establish the avant-garde character of Blade Runner 2049. 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1) Conducting a narrative and thematic
analysis of Blade Runner 2049 using both the Auteur Theory and the
Feminist Film Theory. 2) Pinpoint the exact elements that
characterize Blade Runner 2049 as an
instance of avant-garde storytelling. 3. METHODOLOGY The
researcher does a narrative and thematic analysis of the movie and uses the
Auteur and the Feminist Film Theories in doing so. The eventual analysis is used in pinpointing the distinct elements
that make Blade Runner 2049 avant-garde. It is essential that one
understands both the Auteur Theory and the Feminist Film theories as the
theoretical frameworks of the current study. 3.1. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 3.1.1. THE AUTEUR THEORY The Auteur
Theory emphasises on the solo importance of filmmaker in the making of a movie.
It tags the filmmaker as the author of a movie. The theory stresses on the fact
that any movie has the distinct traits of the filmmaker. While the theory has
been very controversial subject to its emphasis on an individual rather than on
the team, the theory has been successful in analysing movies from both the
narrative and thematic points of view. One of the specific reasons as to why
the Auteur Theory helps in understanding the underlying dynamics of a movie is
its capacity to unearth cinematic intentions. The theory helps in deciphering
the perspective of the filmmaker herself/ himself. The fact that a viewer
engages with a movie through the lens of the filmmakers helps one in
comprehending the reasons for the presence of the chosen narrative and the
thematic elements in the movie. The visual style that a filmmaker repeatedly
uses in his movies devises a certain pattern – a pattern strong enough to
connect a movie with the larger social superstructure. Tarantino and aesthetic
violence, Hitchcock and mean women, Ray, and social decay – each director has a
prominent visual motif that she/ he follows for most of her/ his creations. 3.1.2. THE FEMINIST FILM THEORY The
Feminist Film Theory, on the other hand, looks at cinema essentially from a
feminist perspective and scans through the placement of female characters in a
movie. The theory took a distinct shape through Visual Pleasure and
Narrative Cinema, a seminal paper penned by British feminist film theorist
Laura Mulvey Mulvey (1975). The theory bases itself on the
concept of Male Gaze Sampson (2015). To put it in simple terms, Male Gaze
is the process of portraying women from an essentially heterosexual male
perspective. Male Gaze can be understood in terms of three different
perspectives: (i) that of the person who is holding
the camera; (ii) that of the heterosexual male characters inside the diegesis
of the movie; and (iii) that of the heterosexual audiences. Male Gaze reduces
woman to a commodity and diminishes her importance. Therefore, a majority of the movies portray women to have only
incidental roles. The presence of a woman in a movie is only for the purpose of
eliciting pleasure. The voyeuristic male indulges in satisfying his
heterosexual lust through the projection of seemingly pleasurable women bodies.
Thus, women characters are reduced to their bodily presences. 4. UNDERSTANDING THE VISUAL STORYTELLING USED IN THE MOVIE Before we analyse
Blade Runner using the cited film theories, it is rather important to take a
closer look at how the filmmaker masterfully uses the audio-visual medium to
tell a potent story that is pregnant with future possibilities. Clearly, the
movie projects a dystopian setting where there has been a degradation of
humanity. Therefore, often a hazy background is used to show the near
destruction of nature in a dehumanized and technology-driven world. It makes
the viewers hopeless and morose. Dialogues are short and crisp – often lacking
humour and happiness. It showcases a world that is unhappy by its very nature.
Breathing masks are used to indicate a polluted and unlivable
world that is on the verge of becoming uninhabitable. The filmmaker clearly
tries to use realism in the visual design so that the science fiction elements
do not make the movie too predictable. The cityscape that punctuates the movie
is hostile and brutal. Clearly, the filmmaker was inspired by many doomsday
predictions concerning future cities. The cinematography is clearly inspired by
cyberpunk literature and almost borders on being menacing. However, the intent
becomes clear once the complete movie is dissected using two of the most
important film theories in the history of audio-visual understanding. 5. ANALYZING BLADE RUNNER 2049 USING THE AUTEUR THEORY The biggest
decision that the filmmaker makes in the movie is the construction of the
character ‘K’, played masterfully by Ryan Gosling. While ‘K’ is a Nexus-9
replicant, he displays all the traits of a normal emotional human being. While
he diligently does his job of being a Blade Runner with the Los Angeles
Police Department (LAPD), he is deeply attached to his holographic AI
girlfriend Joi, played by Ana de Armas. However, ‘K’
cannot function in consonance with his free will as he is a replicant. This is
metaphorically representative of corporate exploitation of employees. From
another perspective, it could also be deduced that ‘K’ belongs to the economically
underprivileged section and hence is a virtual slave at the hands of the
economically privileged section i.e., human beings. Although, economic and
social disparity has been the subject of multiple movies, the fact that an
advanced replicant, which is indicative of the unhindered growth of science and
technology, could also be a metaphor for economic and class discrimination,
could be considered novel and experimental. Wallace
Corporation, the
company that manufactures replicants, is a multinational behemoth and its CEO Niander Wallace, played by Jared Leto, is ruthless about
his economic ambitions. Wallace Corporation could be a metaphor for any
of the global technological giants functioning today. In fact, through the
characterization of Wallace, the filmmaker makes a distinct statement against
the corporate control of essential global resources. The criminal extent to
which Wallace goes to protect his interests could be a grim reminder of what
might happen if human civilization lets capitalist ventures dominate the global
proceedings. The drama that accompanies the character of Wallace is indeed
something that could be considered experimental. The entire
movie is a question mark on what humanity is. The movie’s premise is such that
the replicants seem more humane than human beings themselves. Therefore, the
movie also presents an existential crisis. In a way, it is also representative
of the privileged class losing its fundamental human touch. In fact, it could
be argued that the filmmaker still believes that the underprivileged section of
the society, despite repeated discriminations, has been able to retain the
human traits more than the privileged class. This element is indeed
experimental by its very nature. The movie
also presents another paradox – the paradox of memory and its relationship with
identity. Often, a human being is defined by her/ his memories and her/ his
past experiences. This is where the movie pitches in. What happens if one loses
her/ his memories? Does she/ he lose herself/ himself? Does one’s persona
change to something else? Although, the filmmaker skips directly answering
these questions, he does give some hints. The fact that the identity of ‘K’
changes when he understands that his memories are implanted memories gives a
fair indication of what the filmmaker essentially intends to convey – subtly or
otherwise. The novel usage of the concept of memory is one of the most crucial
elements in the movie Azarian (2015). The
replicants’ freedom movement is essentially indicative of the movement for
labour rights. In a world controlled by corporate monopolies, the issue of
labour rights has become a complicated one. In the given backdrop, the filmmaker
focuses on two related issues – the fact that labour movements are important
and the fact these labour movements are too weak in the face of opposition from
the corporate behemoths. The filmmaker in fact revels in the creation of such
dichotomous ambiguities. This ambiguity is also a novel element that has been
employed to drive the movie’s point home Newton (2015). The
unstoppable surge of technology thereby leading to a technocracy is another
fundamental point in the movie. The very fact that technology dominates
humanity in every respect in the movie’s diegesis is a part of the crafted
dystopia. Ever since the Industrial Revolution, humanity has been constantly
paranoid about the possibility of technology dominating humanity. With the
advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of
Things (IoT), the fear seems even more real. Through Blade Runner 2049,
the filmmaker decidedly shows as to what might happen if that paranoia comes
true. In fact, the mechanization of human sentiments is a recurring motif in
the movie thereby unmistakably establishing the intention of the filmmaker. 6. ANALYZING BLADE RUNNER 2049 USING THE FEMINIST FILM THEORY Blade
Runner 2049 is both a
nightmare and a pleasant break when analysed using the Feminist Film Theory. It
is important to put the nightmarish elements first to get a grip over what the
movie tries to project. Throughout
the movie, women are given importance primarily subject to their reproductive
ability. The developed countries are facing the existential crisis of a low birthrate. The movie projects this concern through
dystopia. In quite simple words, no matter how women fare in other occupations,
their primary purpose is to give birth to children. It would not be an
exaggeration to note that the entire movie carries forward this paranoia of the
world having to survive a catastrophic decline in population subject to a
decreasing birthrate and this paranoia creates a
disturbing novelty. The next
thing in line is the general projection of women in the movie. Either they are
shown as digital homemakers or as killers or as incidental characters devoid of
a moral compass. While there can be arguments that the intentional degradation
of womanhood is a part of the projected dystopia, it is also a reality that the
movie somehow vindicates and validates that degradation. The degradation is so
stark and so on the face that it becomes another disturbing novelty. The glamourization
of the woman replicants is indicative of the fact that the movie is being
projected for heterosexual man thereby somehow reasserting the intrinsic
heteronormative belief system of most of the societies. The perverse glamour
that one sees through the movie is another experimentation with novelty. While the
nightmarish feminist elements are stark and obvious, it is important to look at
the positive feminist representations as well. The fact that it is a girl that
carries the replicant legacy is representative of the filmmaker’s empathy
towards women. This creation of a replicant child is where the sequel diverges
from the original version and the same is extremely novel in nature. The basic
premise of the movie has a deep empathy for women. The relationship of ‘K’ with
Joi is indicative of that. It seems like a contradiction of sorts. The
filmmaker successfully juxtaposes both apathy and empathy for women in the same
movie thereby establishing the novel and experimental nature of the movie. 7. ELEMENTS THAT CHARACTERIZE BLADE RUNNER 2049 AS AN AVANT-GARDE MOVIE 1)
The
character ‘K’, a replicant, is metaphorically representative of corporate
exploitation of employees. 2)
Wallace
Corporation could be a metaphor for any of the global technological giants
functioning today. 3)
Through
the characterization of Wallace, the filmmaker makes a distinct statement
against the corporate control of essential global resources. 4)
It
could be argued that the filmmaker still believes that the underprivileged
section of the society, despite repeated discriminations, has been able to
retain the human traits more than the privileged class. 5)
The
movie also presents another paradox – the paradox of memory and its
relationship with identity. 6)
The
filmmaker focuses on two related issues – the fact that labour movements are
important and the fact these labour movements are too weak in the face of
opposition from the corporate behemoths. 7)
The
very fact that technology dominates humanity in every respect in the movie’s
diegesis is a part of the crafted dystopia. 8)
The
entire movie carries forward the paranoia of the world having to survive a
catastrophic decline in population subject to a decreasing birthrate. 9)
The
movie intentionally degrades womanhood, and the degradation is a part of the overall
dystopia. 10) The glamourization of the woman
replicants is indicative of the fact that the movie is being projected for
heterosexual man thereby somehow reasserting the intrinsic heteronormative
belief system of most of the societies. 11) The fact that it is a girl that
carries the replicant legacy is representative of the filmmaker’s empathy
towards women. 12) The basic premise of the movie has a
deep empathy for women. 8. CONCLUSION Blade Runner 2049 asks multiple questions. However, it does not answer those. In a way, the movie is reflective of the decay that marks contemporary human civilization. Through a futuristic dystopian setting, the filmmaker probably wants to give a few warnings to fellow human beings. That aside, the film is deeply contemplative in nature. Existentialism and nihilism mark the various layers of the movie. Although the basic premise of the movie has been dealt with by many other movies, the storytelling mode and the usage of elements are truly avant-garde. That is exactly where Blade Runner 2049 will stand the test of time just like its predecessor did.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS None. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS None. REFERENCES Azarian, B. (2015, September 15). Morals, Not Memories, Define Who We Are. Retrieved from Scientific American. Berlatsky, N. (2017, October 5). Blade Runner’s Source Material Says More About Modern Politics than the Movie Does. Retrieved from THE VERGE. Guillen, N. (2017, October 12). BLADE RUNNER 2049 : AVANT GARDE JOURNEY. Retrieved from THE ADVOCATE. Mulvey, L. (1975). Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. Screen, 6-18. Newton, M. (2015, March 14). Tears in Rain ? Why Blade Runner is Timeless. Retrieved from The Guardian. Propes, R. (2021, November 26). "Blade Runner 2049" is a Damn Fine Replicant. Retrieved from The Independent Critic. Richards, O. (2017, October 4). ‘Blade Runner 2049’ – Film Review. Retrieved from NME. Sampson, R. (2015, October 27). Film Theory 101 - Laura Mulvey - The Male Gaze Theory. Retrieved from Film Inquiry. Sharf, Z. (2021, January 27). Christopher Nolan’s Favorite Movies : 35 Films the Director Wants You to See. Retrieved from IndieWire. Zhang, J. (2017, October 10). Film Review : Blade Runner 2049. Retrieved from STRANGE HARBORS.
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