ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
Childhood experiences in Paintings: Expressions by Contemporary Indian Artists Dr. Tarun
Kumar Sharma 1 1 Assistant
Professor, Department of Psychology, Mohanlal Sukhadia
University, Udaipur, India 2 Assistant
Professor, Department of Visual Arts, Mohanlal Sukhadia
University, Udaipur, India
1. INTRODUCTION Clinical Psychologists, Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals often consider art expressed by an individual in forming an understanding about that individual. Art therapy is being used by mental health professionals to identify mental health issues. It becomes important for the psychologists to be able to interpret the reflections of persons in the form of drawings, paintings and other art mediums. It becomes even more challenging when a mental health professional is dealing with issues that a child experiences during childhood. Art therapy is used by mental health professionals to treat various mental ailments. The understanding about the art content and its root causes becomes important. The present paper is an attempt to relate paintings of some artists with their childhood experiences. A child has variety of experiences during the process of socialization. Such experiences create a lasting impact on the physical, social, psychological, emotional, and cognitive aspects of child’s development. Children’s experiences could take the form of a positive experience which an individual would treasure throughout the lifetime. It can also be a negative experience in the form of abuse, financial or other situations of the family, relationship issues of the parents and/or self or any other issue that can affect the child’s development. These traumas or abuses may be the events occurring at a particular period of an individual’s life, but such experiences remain in the subconscious mind of a child for a prolonged time or sometimes throughout lifetime. To identify, attend and intervene in these traumas is a real challenge. Our society is attempting to identify these traumas that children may experience during their childhood days. Behavioral Scientists and practitioners have contributed and developed various theoretical paradigms to understand what is going in the child’s mind. It is important to cater to the needs of the child and the issues that they face which largely remain unidentified and affect the overall well-being of an individual. Human mind comprises of three parts: the preconscious, conscious, and unconscious minds. Freud (1900) Conscious mind consists of the current awareness an individual has. Preconscious mind contains memories, experiences, information, and events to which one can easily reach. The unconscious mind is the mind that remains hidden and is a bundle of energy which consists of repressed thoughts, socially unacceptable urges and is expressed in indirect or symbolic ways Freud (1946). These repressed energies create disturbances inside an individual and comes out in some way so that the individual feels relieved. If the person has some traumatic experiences during childhood, it remains inside a person and affects his/her psyche. According to Freud (1923), there are three structures of personality, Id, Ego, and Superego. These three personality structures interact with each other and function. In psychoanalytic theory, Id is explained as the primitive and instinctual part of personality which is focused on pleasure seeking and wants instant gratification of needs. It wants what it wants. Id works on ‘pleasure principle’. Superego is the part which is the moral center of personality that follows rules, norms, and society expectations. Superego works on ‘morality principle’ Ego is the part of personality which is rational and realistic and works to balance both id demands and superego morals. Ego works on ‘reality principle’. It allows fulfilling id demands only if there are no negative consequences to it. Kogelschatz et al. (1975) Sometimes when the id or superego cannot be balanced, these parts of personality come into conflict with each other. Anxiety is generated for the ego itself. Then the individual uses some mental mechanisms which help in dealing with anxiety. These mental mechanisms are also called ego defense mechanisms which are used by the ego to protect itself from the anxiety generated due to conflict between id and superego. Unconscious mind is a reservoir of the energy due to repressed desires, conflicts, and thoughts. Some people channelize this energy that is in their unconscious mind through creative expression. This creative expression could take the form of writing a novel, poem, song, story, script or play or by making a painting or drawing or enacting in theatre etc. Expression of an individual’s unconscious energy in the form of such creative expression is termed as Sublimation. According to Psychologist Anna Freud Freud (1937), Sublimation is a defense mechanism by which an individual protects the ego by overcoming a conflict or anxiety. Sublimation is usually venting out true repressed feelings, unfulfilled desires, and energy by making a painting or writing a poem, novel, story etc. In the present research, an attempt is being made to study the pattern of sublimation and other forms of expression among the paintings of selected Indian contemporary artists and to relate the artists’ childhood experiences with their expressions. 2. Method 2.1. Objective The present research is an attempt to find whether childhood experiences make any impact on the creative expressions through various mediums of visual art. 2.2. Participants Some contemporary Indian artists were selected, and the paintings made by them were studied. These artists were selected on the basis of their significant contributions in the field of visual art in the form of their paintings, installations, sculptures etc. It was also noted that the artists represent different age groups and work areas. The selected artists do not represent the exhaustive list of artists who have made significant contributions; there are many other artists whose work can add further dimensions to the literature. Under the scope of the present research work, the following artists have been studied for drawing inferences. 2.3. Selected Artists Amit Ambalal, Ganesh Pyne, Jai Zharotiya, Krishna Khanna, Madhvi Parekh, Manjeet Bawa, Maqbool Fida Hussain, Mithu Sen, Rabindranath Tagore, Syed Haider Raza, Francis Newton Souza, Subodh Kerkar, Tyeb Mehta. Content analysis was used as the method for this research. Content analysis is a qualitative research technique in which text documents, graphics, pictures, audio, video etc are evaluated for drawing inferences and interpretations about the purpose of the study. After selecting contemporary Indian artists, their paintings and other forms of visual art were screened for identifying a particular recurrent theme, figure, colour, pattern, composition, or any other notable thing. On the other hand, each artist’s biography, or information about his/her childhood experiences available on the various sources was also studied. In some cases, the artist has himself/herself shared the childhood experiences in some interviews on electronic/print media platforms. The artists’ catalogues, interviews, newspapers, videos, biography excerpts have provided the requisite information about their paintings and experiences during their childhood. 3. Discussion This section presents the details related to the findings from the associations drawn between the artists’ work in paintings and the childhood experiences. 1) Amit Ambalal Amit Ambalal is highly influenced by his childhood experience of living in a joint family system. Expressing his memories of living in paternal grandfather’s house, nurturing the values of co-existence and care for each other, he considers these childhood experiences the supreme phase of his life. Myers (2017) His paintings titled ‘Dadaji’s (paternal grandfather’s) house in old city’ and ‘Mamaji’s (mother’s brother) house’ reflect his childhood memories and experiences. Figure 1
In his own words ‘I used to spend time with Dadaji after dinner. I used to sit near Dadaji. This meeting was the centre of attention of all household activities. Dadaji used to sit on a white cushion, traditionally called ‘gaddi’ in Hindi. People from neighborhood also used to come after dinner and used to discuss the matters related to politics and religion.’ A part of my world (2008) In a corner of the painting, Amit has painted himself, sitting with his grandmother who used to tell her mythological tales. A painting of ‘Goddess Lakshmi’ made by Raja Ravi Verma is also shown on one of the walls of the room Another painting by Amit Ambalal depicts the joint family system that he experienced during the childhood at his maternal uncle’s house. He also expressed the traditional and religious ceremonies that were held during his childhood. His birthday celebrations in the presence of their family guru (teacher), his discussions on planetary influences and astrology calculations are also reflected in his painting titled ‘planets come and go’. Amit Ambalal attempts to express the dependence of Indian
life and culture on fortune and astrology. In his own words ‘people used to
come to their family guru with their concerns and problems and wait for the
entire life for planetary changes which never occur.’ He shows a man in scanty
clothes in a painting in which some planets are also shown symbolically, and
the man is waiting for the planetary change so that he can see good days in his
life. All such observations of Amit Ambalal’s childhood days have found a place
in his artwork. Ambalal (n.d.) 2) Ganesh Pyne Ganesh Pyne’s paintings reflect his obsessions with death. He witnessed riots during his childhood days. He along with his family was thrown out of their house. He stumbled upon a pile of dead bodies while roaming around the city. He also saw a naked old woman with wounds on her breasts. These experiences resulted in dominance of blue and black colour in his paintings Pyne (n.d.) His paintings rarely have light background. His painting titled Man with a sword show a man laced with weapons such as sword, shield and arrow. Half chest of the man is hurt, and the ribs are seen. Such dark subject matter in his paintings has roots in the violence that he observed in his childhood. (‘He Raises the Ghosts of the Past’ — a Guide to Ganesh Pyne | Christie’s (2020) Figure 2
3) Jai Zharotia Jai Zharotia grew up in a family who initially had all the usual facilities at home and spent time joyously. Then suddenly things became worse, and he had to suffer many scarcities in life. He portrays his childhood in his paintings. The Jai zharotia. (2010) His experience of having something in beginning and then lacking the same later became a part of his dream world and became a part of his artwork. He thinks that we need to understand the language of animals to understand their problems so as to fulfil their wishes. He also expressed the problems of lack of communication among humans in the present times where people are deceiving each other. He portrays this issue of communication gap by depicting human heads with animal bodies or trees and vice versa. He says it provides us a chance for us to talk to these birds, trees, and animals because human; animals are made up of the five basic elements i.e., earth, water, fire, air, and space. Figure 3
4) Krishen Khanna Krishen Khanna’s paintings exhibit the times when the
tensions between the British rulers and Indian freedom fighters were high. Khanna (n.d.) Figure 4
His paintings titled ‘Your time up’ has a character named
‘Gurbaksh Rai’, a homeopathic doctor, who is being arrested by the Police. Gurbaksh is saying goodbye to his family. The paintings
depict the agony that a family faces when the head of the family is being
arrested. A lady with her hands on her head, a small girl who is embracing the
man being arrested and the two policemen in the background are also seen in the
painting. The painting shows an atmosphere filled with stress and fear.
Policemen have neutral emotions on their faces whereas Gurbaksh Rai shows pride
on the face as he is getting a feeling of contributing for the nation. The Wire (2017) Figure 5
Another painting by Krishen Khanna depicts tragedy of
migration that happened during the partition of India in 1947. A family is
shown riding a horse-cart. The forelegs of the horses are in the air which
shows that their destination is not certain. The path which they travel is also
shown by conical stones which show hardships that they face on their way. An
old lady with her back towards the new destination is also seen who is still in
thoughts of whatever has been left behind. All the characters of the paintings
show tension on their faces. The man riding the cart is also looking to the
backside to check if anybody is following them. Saffronart (2007) 5) Madhvi Parekh The paintings of Madhvi Parekh focus on representation of God figures. She considered Jesus Christ as an image of peace and empathy. In her paintings titled ‘Christ came to my village’, ‘Christ: Journey of Christ’, she has painted Jesus which depict the messages which can be felt in these paintings. Her childhood memories of Goddess Durga Pandals (the places where Goddess Idols is kept for worship during nine auspicious days) have also been depicted in her paintings. The decoration, the austerity and spiritual experiences of the artist have also been depicted in these paintings. Khurana (2017) Figure 6
6) Manjeet Bawa Manjeet Bawa belonged to a family of merchants which had many cattle. His father had got a dwelling made for these cattle. He was born and brought up in ‘gau-shaala’ cow-dwelling. This resulted in immense love in him for animals. His childhood memories of the times that he spent among these cows, bullocks and other cattle became an important prevalent component of his artwork. The entire atmosphere of cattle dwellings gradually was put to canvas through his paintings. Wild Films India (2017) Figure 7
7) Maqbool Fida
Hussain Maqbool Fida Hussain is known for his various series of paintings. One of the series is the paintings on ‘Mother Teresa’. When we look at these paintings, the figure of ‘Mother Teresa’ is prominently depicted as a faceless entity, in which the facial features and details are missing. He had shared in one of his interviews that he does not recall his mother’s visage; hence facial details are missing from most of his female figures in the paintings. Mother Teresa’s figures not only depict the figure of ‘Mother Teresa’ herself but are also a depiction of motherhood in general. Husain (n.d.) Hussain’s mother passed away when he was one and a half years of age. His paintings have always attempted to fill up the maternal absence in his life. He writes “In Hindu culture, it is the mother, Shakti (Power), the Goddess who takes care of us. My paintings have always been a searching for that.” Adams (2018) Figure 8
8) Mithu Sen Mithu Sen narrates her own story when she was a little girl and was wearing a pink frock. She overheard a guest telling the other person that she should not wear pink as it did not suit her dark complexion. Such comments exerted such a big impact on her that pink color was banned from her wardrobe. Jmerhar (2019) In 2003, when she was an adult, she expressed the internal agony with her art installation titled ‘I hate Pink’. Sen (n.d.) Figure 9
By this work, she challenged the prejudices surrounding the color pink. After she reclaimed a pastel which she was denied in youth, she has made it an important feature of most of her work in various modes of expression such as paintings, sculptures, and installations. 9) Rabindra Nath Tagore Rabindra Nath Tagore’s work is also influenced by childhood
memories. Listening to horror stories, remembering the underground rooms that
he witnessed, he was fearful of darkness. These underground dark rooms
contained many big sized earthen pots. These rooms were dirty, dark, and
stingy. These experiences led him to include weird, shaped birds and animals. Parimoo (1989) Tagore used to witness the figural patterns in the
moisten, broken and stained walls during childhood. Such visuals remained with
him for a long time which he later expressed in his paintings. Figure 10
10) Syed
Haider Raza S.H. Raza became unhappy with his work and wanted a new
direction in his work. He experienced India’s various cultural and artistic
places very closely which resulted in the form of his paintings titled ‘Bindu’
(meaning a ‘dot’) which signified his rebirth. He attributes the idea of
‘Bindu’ to his elementary school teachers. (Abstract Artist S. H. Raza Famous
for His Bindu Series,
n.d.) This teacher used to find Raza not concentrating on the class and
used to draw a dot on the blackboard and ask him to find the dot. That
experience motivated Raza to focus, concentrate and meditate which resulted in
the series of paintings expressing ‘Bindu’. This is an example of how smaller
incidents or interactions can have lifelong impact to form creative pathways.
He further added newer dimensions to ‘Bindu’ such as triangles and the female
and male energy figures in his paintings. Raza
(n.d.), Raza (2014) Figure 11
11) Francis
Newton Souza Suza (n.d.), a young artist, started looking rebellious from the very first exhibition of his paintings. The problems that Souza faced at the family environment front and the social discrimination that he faced planted the seeds for his creative expression in a rebellious way. The impact of his childhood experiences became permanent in his work. His father died when he was three years old. His mother abandoned her with her grandmother and went to another city. Later his mother took him to that city for his education. Raaj (2010) The deprivation of love from the parents troubled Souza a lot. His paintings do not depict the usual aesthetics. Even the paintings of Jesus lack empathy and compassion. Figure 12
Figure 13
In one of his interviews, he considered himself a dirty
insect that does not have any name, race and power that has been ignored, hated,
and rejected everywhere. His dilemmas
and life struggles made such a huge impact that the female figures in his
paintings are not delicate and affectionate but are erotic, sensual, and
devilish with no affection and empathy. The female figures could only find
naked and shameless image in Souza’s paintings. Suza (n.d.) 12) Subodh Kerkar Subodh Kerkar expressed his childhood memories of playing
on the seashores and making pyramidal or conical houses using sand. His
artworks consist of such features used very creatively. He used to walk on the seashore
with his father. His father used to tell him stories. Subodh has included
content of these stories in his artworks. Lalit
Kala Akademi Chandigarh (2013) The 500 white portraits in the installations on the
seashores and other places symbolically represent his father and the childhood
memories of the time spent with his father. His father also used to tell
stories to him while walking on the seashore. He has expressed these stories in
creative ways through installations. Figure 14
13) Tyeb Mehta Tyeb Mehta considers something
that he sees of experiences very private. He considered his previous generation
to be very aggressive who used to indulge in the street fights which could
easily be triggered. He also witnessed
riots during childhood. Mehta (n.d.) From the windows of his house, he saw a crowd
which slaughtered a young man to death. The smashed figures in Tyeb’s work which are mutilated and disfigured reflect his
experiences during childhood. The incident of riots put an indelible impression
on his psyche which he later portrayed in his paintings. Nath
(2011) Figure 15
4. Conclusion On the basis of the observations of the selected paintings of these artists and their childhood experiences, it has been found that childhood experiences do become a part of one’s art in various ways. Be it the expression of faceless women by M.F. Hussain due to death of mother in the infancy, Mithu Sen’s obsession with the pink colour in her part for being criticized for using pink due to her dark complexion, Amit Ambalal’s expression of joint family system and the related details show us the importance of childhood experiences in our future lives. Ganesh Pyne’s emphasis on dark subject matter, death, and skeletal component due to the violence observed during partition in childhood, Suza’s depiction of female figures in a devilish way due to her abandoning by mother, Krishna Khanna’s reminiscences arrests and of leaving own home during British rule in India also depict the importance of childhood memories. Madhvi Parekh’s depiction of God reminding her childhood, Rabindranath Tagore’s depiction of strange birds in paintings due to various birds observed in dark underground rooms and in horror stories. Raza’s recalling a ‘dot’ made by the teacher in the classroom, Subodh Kerkar’s time spent with father at seashores during childhood are some more examples. Tyeb Mehta’s depiction of hand-tied figure depicting a man tied and beaten to death during riots, Jai Zarotiya’s desire to talk to animals by placing human heads to bird figures and Manjeet Bawa’s depiction of Lord Krishna and cows as he spent his childhood with these cattle have also been discussed. The above summary of the artists and their work shows that art is an important medium to understand about the psyche an individual. Further studies are needed to analyse the art content from other points of views so that such understanding can help clinical psychologists, psychiatrists in developing an insight about the mental health status, specially about the content which remains latent in an individual.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS None. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge the contribution of all the artists selected for this study. Their artwork and interviews have provided information useful for academic enrichment. REFERENCES A part of my world (2008, November 16). Ahmedabad Mirror. www.indiatimes.com. Adams, T. (2018, March 22). MF Husain : The Barefoot “Picasso” of Indian art. The Guardian, The Guardian. Ambalal, A. (2020, May 15). Saffronart, Saffron Art Gallery. Ciccarelli, S., White, J., and Girishwar, M. (2017). Psychology. 5th ed. Pearson. Freud, A. (1937). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. The International Psycho-Analytical Library, No. 30. Hogarth Press. Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. S.E., 4-5(cf. J. Crick, Trans., 1999). London : Oxford University Press. Freud, S. (1923). The Ego and the id. S.E.. 19, 12-66. Freud, S. (1946). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. American Edition, New York : I.U.P. Husain, M. F. (n.d.). Mother Teresa 1988 (New Delhi) [Oil on Canvas]. National Gallery of Modern Art. Retrieved from 2020, April 20. Jmerhar (2019, October 20). Mithu Sen : (Not so) Pretty in Pink. Khanna, K. (n.d.). Your Times up (Untitled) (New Delhi) [Oil on Canvas]. Saffron Art Gallery. Retrieved from 2020, August 25. Khurana, C. (2017, September 17). Dots and Dashes : How artist Madhvi Parekh Developed her Own Language to Tell Stories of Her Youth. Scroll.In. Kogelschatz, J., Rothgeb, C., and Freud, S. (1975). Abstracts of the Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. The Family Coordinator, 24(2), 236. Lalit Kala Akademi Chandigarh (2013). SubodhKerkar - Slide Lecture : Chandigarh Lalit Kala Akademi [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. Mehta, T. (n.d). Artist Biogragpy, Paintings, Artworks, Auction Records. (n.d.). Www.Tyeb-Mehta.Com; Artiana. Retrieved from 2020, August 26. Myers, K. (2017). Amit Ambalal, Painter [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. Nath, G. (2011, March 28). Artviews : An Inscrutable Legacy - Tyeb Mehta [Review] Vadehra Art Gallery. Artviews. Parimoo, R. (1989). Rabindranath Tagore : Collection of Essays (R. Parimoo (ed.)). Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi. Pyne, G. (n.d.). Untitled 2000 (New Delhi, Dubai) [Tempra on Canvas]. Progressive Art Gallery. Retrieved from 2020, June 2. Raaj, N. (2010, May 5). God, Sex & Souza - Times of India. The Times of India. Raza, S. H. (n.d.) (1922-2016). Indiaart. Retrieved from 2020, August 26. Raza, S. H. (n.d.). Bindu (New Delhi) [Acrylic on Canvasa]. Saffron Art. Retrieved from 2020, August 25 Raza, S.H. (2014, June 2). Pyaas | 2 - 14 June 2014. Grosvenor Gallery. Saffronart (2007). Krishen Khanna, Exodus. Retrieved from August 6, 2020. Sen, M. (n.d.). I hate pink 2003 – mithu. Mithu Sen. Retrieved from 2020, August 25. Suza, F. N. (n.d.). Crucifixion 1959 (London) [Oil on Canvas]. Tate Modern. Retrieved from 2020, April 17. The Jai zharotia. (2010). Poems by Jai Zharotia [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. The Wire (2017). Painter Krishen Khanna talks about his art and anecdotes from his life [YouTube Video]. In YouTube. Wild Films India (2017). Manjit Bawa Art Exhibition [YouTube Video]. In YouTube.
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