ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing ArtsISSN (Online): 2582-7472
The Etymology of Public Space- Exploring crafting community spaces Dr. Pankaj Chhabra 1 1 Associate
Professor, Department of Architecture, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar,
Punjab, India 2 Associate
Professor, Architecture Department, GITAM School of Architecture, GITAM University,
A.P. India., Research Scholar, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
1. INTRODUCTION The term
etymology was derived from the Greek word etymon which means "the literal
meaning of a word as according to its origin.". The Etymology of public
space in the paper can be defined as understanding the meaning of public space
from its origin and development. The Oxford English dictionary defines public
as an adjective “concerning all people or open to all.” Public space is
distinctly defined in varied literature. Public space is open to all common
people without ownership of individual or private organizations Madanipour (2015). It is also defined as a place with
free access, and opportunities for interaction Carmona (2010). It is a democratic space Pourjafar et al. (2018) with accessibility and inclusion as
major attributes Madanipour (2010). Public space is “space to which
normally people have unrestricted access and right of way”Atkinson (2003). Public space is always being built
due to socio-spatial connections Hatuka (2016). Public spaces are one of the key factor in the formulation of a city and vital part of urban life Madanipour (2015). It acts as a stage for translation of art and the drama of city life. It helps in better connectivity, raising quality of life and property value, control over crime and catalyst for economic activity Mitchell & Staeheli (2009). The public spaces have their own distinct features such as associated history, cultural importance, revenue generation etc Spaces (2016). Three meanings are mentioned in the dictionary definitions of culture: the culmination of human effort, the process of progress, and the entirety of a way of life Madanipour (2016). The historic public places were integrated, functional part of city such as market place, streets, squares, plazas etc. and were not devised for recreational and relaxation purpose only Barnett (1995). Public
spaces have evolved significantly over time, imitating the variation in the
social, cultural, and political structures and resulting into
different typology of public space. In ancient times, public spaces were evolved as a result of activity
such as shopping, religious ceremonies, or political activity. Few of the word
famous examples of ancient public spaces are the Greek agora, the Roman Forum,
and the Egyptian temple complexes. With the development of art and culture, its
impression was also found in the public space in the form of ornamentation and
decorations Moazzeni et al. (2023). Major change in the trends of public space were identified after
industrial revolutions. The encroachment of factories and mills raised the
alarm for place for people to relax and interact. The
public space in form of parks and plaza were
intentionally planned for usage by public. Overall, the evolution of public
spaces reflects the changing needs and values of societies over time, with a
constant tension between functional efficiency and aesthetic expression. 2. Literature Study It has
been observed that ancient public places are not intentionally planned but they
were evolved between the buildings and its surrounding
as per art, architecture and culture. The daily activities and regional culture
serve as a self-reinforcing strategy for engaging in public life. The people
and events are dispersed over both time and space, that there is practically
never a possibility for individual actions to coalesce into larger or more
significant sequences of occurrences Olwig (1989). Public place is recognized as a
place made by the public for the public. The conception of public place alters
with the time Ramlee et al. (2015). “Nothing happens because nothing
happens” is result of scenarios where there are fewer people and less events
happening in public areas Safiullah (2018). Whyte discovered three main
factors for successful public spaces: accessibility, comfort, and sociability.
Marcus and Francis claim the most important factor for successful space is its
ability to accommodate multiple need In past,
several activities were conducted simultaneously in open area which resulted in
stay of public more than required time, indicating a sense of association or
placeness and evolution of context specific public place Hajela (2021). The intent of the study is to
identify the dimensions contribution for the evolution and utilization of
public place. 3. Evolution of Public Spaces 3.1. The scenario of public spaces round the globe: The
public space that lay at the heart of the polis and functioned as the hub of
the town as well as a venue for political gatherings began with the Greek Agora
Li et al. (2022), Thombre & Kapshe (2020). It was therefore important from a
political, social, and economic perspective. It provided a location for both
official and informal public gatherings Dickenson (2015). Private residences originally
surrounded the Agora, but over time, stoas, porticoes, covered walkways,
temples, and sanctuaries were added. In the later periods of Greek culture,
outdoor theaters and gymnasiums were constructed as well. 3.1.2. The Roman Forums During
the Roman Empire, the agora and acropolis functions in Greece were merged into
one "forum." It was a semi-enclosed, enclosed space available for
trade, social gatherings, political, religious, and sporting events. Like
Agora, the forum was a public space dominated by the general
public. Forums were rectangular in shape and had a 2 to 3 ratio. The
Forums were enclosed by porticoes. The basilicas, marketplaces, stores, and
temples that were housed in the forums produced a fusion of religious and civic
structures. It included public baths and a theater, among other significant
recreational amenities Activism Social (n.d.). It also functioned as the site of
curia and comitium, or city council and political sessions, respectively. 3.1.3. The Medieval marketplace The
marketplaces were created in the eleventh century, and during medieval era it
became a prominent public space. The medieval markets were situated at the
intersection of prominent throughfaresActivism Social (n.d.). They were generally found in front
of the cathedral, and in the heart of the town. It was surrounded with workplace such as workshop, storage area, and place for
trade. It was a regular place for common people to interact with the visitors. Culturally,
marketplaces were significant for the exchange of ideas and customs,
particularly in trade hubs that connected diverse regions. Markets often
coincided with festivals, attracting larger crowds and offering additional
entertainment. Despite their benefits, marketplaces faced challenges like
vendor competition, which sometimes led to conflicts, public health risks from
crowded conditions, and prevalent theft and fraud. The
medieval marketplace was a multifaceted institution essential to the economic,
social, and cultural life of medieval towns. The marketplace was not only an
economic hub but also a dynamic public space where social, cultural, and
communal activities thrived, reflecting the complexity and vitality of medieval
urban life. It facilitated daily transactions, fostered community interactions,
and enabled cultural exchanges, reflecting the dynamic nature of medieval
society. 3.1.4. The Renaissance Plaza The
Renaissance Plaza, used to be surrounded by the town hall, the cathedral, and
other important building Langstraat & Melik (2013). The plaza was the place for the
people to gather and have open-air celebrations. It was prominent
place for racial, religious, and political activities along with the plays and
other theatrical performance. The majority of it had
symmetrical shapes in its design. A cohesive facade on the buildings encircling
the Plaza and the squares highlighted the importance of harmony and balance in
architectural design. Furthermore, this design feature led to the development
of affluent residential neighborhoods around the squares, which opened the door
for a unique semi-public character Varna. (2011). New residential neighborhood
designers also began to favor this innovative way of controlling public access
to the plaza. 3.1.5. Public Space in Modern Era There has
been a sharp shift into the modern era public space since the renaissance
plazas. Rapid mobility in cities shaped urban development and fostered a close
relationship between the surrounding construction area and open space. On the
other side, there were development of new typology of
public spaces for leisure and entertainment. In the 19th century modified and
new public space came into existence, they were modified space for buying like
shopping malls and arcades Varna. (2011). 3.2. The scenario of public spaces in Indian cities In the
past, public areas in Indian cities were thriving hubs of social, commercial,
and cultural activity. As said by Sharon Zukin “Public spaces are window in
city’s soul.” The public spaces included crowded marketplaces, courtyards in
temples, and town squares where people congregated for religious ceremonies,
festivals, public gatherings, and trade. These kinds of places encouraged a
sense of community and promoted interaction amongst people from various social
classes. They were frequently embellished with elaborate architecture and works
of public art that reflected the area's rich cultural legacy. In addition to
being essential to daily existence, these areas were also vital to the social
and cultural cohesiveness of ancient Indian cities. 3.2.1. Ghats Ghats are
an example of an approach of settlement at place where
interaction between land and water happens along the banks of the river. It was
created to access the varying water levels in different seasons Varma (2011). Ghats are vibrant public space
with amalgamation of daily activities, religious rituals, commercial trade,
celebration, cremation, cultural activities, and communal norms around the
ecology. Ghats of
Varanasi are outstanding example of interaction
between the natural and urban elements. Varanasi ghats are thin silver line of
public space between dense city and the river Ganga Sinha (2020). 3.2.2. Chaupars and chowks Chaupals are integral public space of city from ancient time. The
square formed after intersection of roads is known as
chaupars. These are gathering and social interaction place for public built
around water distribution system and supported by other ancillary activities of
everyday life in adjoining surrounding. On
special occasions, the badi chaupar in Jaipur is used for public gathering. They are three times wider than road width. It has underground aqueducts and street-level
drinking water sources. Chaupar now contains some of the largest bazaars,
including Kishanpole Bazar and Gangauri Bazar. These markets are in harmony
with the city's important temples and Havelis. The Chaupar's 100 × 100 m
footprint allowed for four-way automobile traffic in addition to supporting
substantial pedestrian activity. A tree by
the chowk encourages interaction while providing a sense of security and
comfort. People living there are encouraged to feel safe by seeing people
chatting and interacting with one another in their free time at the main chowks
of the town or location. As they serve as the neighborhood's "eyes on the
street," it lowers the likelihood of crime Gupta et al. (2019).Manek Chowk in Ahmedabad is an good and live example of public space Shukla & Navratra (2017). 3.2.3. Streets and Pols Historically,
streets have served as the focal point of towns and cities. Mobility, trade,
and social contact have historically been the three principal uses of streets.
The street, which is typically defined as a public area with residences,
businesses, and other structures on one or both sides, serves social and
economic purposes that are essential for urban life Warah (2013). Instead of being a function of the
economy, streets in ancient towns were the product of a vision of civilization. The
residential lanes of Ahmedabad's walled city were known as "pols," and they frequently came to closed-off areas
known as "chowks," which were heavily used for both social
interaction and business. The street itself served as a gathering place for the
neighborhood because the houses surrounding the street had steps facing the
street called "otlas" where people could sit and observe street life. 3.2.4. Indian Bazar Most of
the general public used bazaars as gathering place and adorn the same on festivals and event. In old days, these areas had a highly organic and dynamic
quality. When designing public areas, the combination of formal and informal
settings was given careful consideration. They are important commercial
and cultural spaces and promote quality of life within cities Congress Indian History (2018). Table 1
The study
from literature review can be summarized in matrix as following. Table 2
The
matrix provides clear interpretation about multi functionality, socio-cultural
and economic aspects of public space. Along with socialization, there were
secondary activities associated with the space such as festival celebration,
cultural and political procession, trading, athletics etc. 3.3. Contemporary classification of public spaces Open
spaces are classified into following three categories
by city development plan i-e: Recreational space, organised green space and
other open spaces. As per URDPFI, there is no defined definition for
recreational space where as organised green space is categorised as parks,
playfields, specified parks, amusement parks, green gyms, maidan, multipurpose
open spaces, botanical gardens, zoos, and traffic parks and vacant lands/open
spaces including flood plains, forest cover, etc. in plain areas are listed under
other open spaces Gujar et al. (2022), Ministry of Urban Development
(n.d.). Figure 1
3.4. Culture and public space Since
ancient time, the city has expanded naturally and
refined on its own. The existing road system, around which the public space was
organized, played a significant role Siláči & Vitková (2017). It should be noted that cities
vary greatly from one another in terms of scale, planning pattern, social
norms, and cultural traditions Hatuka (2016). Thus characteristics of public
areas vary by province and culture Pietro
Garau (2015). Public places are crucial for practicing
human rights, especially for the exercise of cultural rights. Social life act as nuclei of public spaces. The built environment and
public are closely related Hajela (2021). Festivals
and events have a long history of being taking place
in public areas of cities. Traces are found in the ghats of Varanasi, chaupals
of Jaipur, religious precincts of Ujjain and Madurai, or in the streets of
Nagpur. In recent years, this trend has become more prevalent. Festivals and
events are used by cities to advance economic development goals,
and promote social cohesion and cultural involvement Union European. (2020). Over ages, development takes place at all level
of cultural code i-e from macro to micro practices. However, the pattern of use
of public places has undergone a significant change due to the rapid
urbanization and the influence of modern culture. Previously, public places
were well-maintained by various community organizations, which have gradually
begun to crumble, and quickly degrading. Since municipalities are ineffective
at preserving them, unplanned parking and several activities are constantly
intruding on them Pietro
Garau (2015). Public place provides opportunity for cultural exchange whereas
culture encourages usage of public place. Both are strongly associated and are in separable. Public
space is now more frequently used for alternate, pleasure activities rather
than for its original, utilitarian function. The dynamics makes it more
important than ever for spaces that are relevant, anticipated, and offer a
place for people to unwind, mingle, and participate in urban life Gehl & Matan (2009). 4. Methodology The
methodology adopted for the study is historical analysis and comparative
analysis technique. It will help to identify the characteristics associated
with ancient public space. The Historical analysis is conducted by study of
historical records, like photographs, and written content to find the foot print of the transformation of public spaces over time.
The comparative analysis is conducted by analyzing public space of different
typology, time period and geographical location to
understand the progression of public space Siláči & Vitková (2017). The above said analysis helps in
identifying the trend and gradual evolution of public space over the time. Extensive
literature study is conducted from different journals, books and website to
understand the setting and activities carried out in historical public space.
The identified attributes are than categorized under broad parameters based on
similarity of properties Praliya & Garg (2019). From the study conducted it could
be identified that public places from the past have different activities in
terms of necessary activity and optional activity along with opportunities to
socialize, supported by visual and physical accessibility and safety by
presence of people. The
historical analysis provides insights into the changes in public spaces,
revealing how they have evolved to meet the needs of their users. The
comparative analysis allows for the assessment of public spaces across
different eras and regions, highlighting the similarities and differences in
their development. This dual approach not only identifies the trends in public
space evolution but also uncovers the factors driving these changes. The study
reveals that ancient public spaces facilitated a variety of activities,
categorized as necessary and optional activities, and provided opportunities
for socialization. These spaces were characterized by their visual and physical
accessibility and the safety provided by the presence of people. By
understanding these attributes, the study sheds light on the essential
components that have historically contributed to the functionality and appeal
of public spaces. This comprehensive methodology thus provides a robust
framework for analyzing and understanding the evolution of public spaces over
time. Figure
2
5. Discussion and result Ancient
public spaces were integrated component of the ancient
societies. It providing a platform for public to associate, interact, business, and engage in
cultural and political activities. The public spaces served as nuclei for
community life, bringing people together and developing sense of belongingness.
It invited people from diverse background, age group,
ethnicity, class to interact and exchange idea. Ancient public space clearly
outlines the characteristics for inclusive public space. Public
spaces also played an important role in promoting civic engagement and participation.
They were often used for political gatherings, where citizens could voice their
opinions and participate in decision-making processes. This helped to create a
more democratic and participatory society, where people felt empowered and
engaged in the political process. However,
ancient public spaces also had their weaknesses. For example, they were often
designed to cater to the needs and interests of a particular group, such as the
ruling elite or the dominant cultural group. This could lead to exclusion and
marginalization of certain groups, particularly those who were not represented
in the decision-making process. Another
weakness was the potential for public spaces to become sites of conflict and
violence. Because they were often used for political gatherings and
demonstrations, they could be a target for those who sought to disrupt or
challenge the status quo. This could lead to tensions and conflicts that could
spill over into the broader society. Overall,
the strengths and weaknesses of ancient public spaces depended on how they were
designed, managed, and used. When designed with inclusivity and democratic
participation in mind, they could be a powerful force for social cohesion and
civic engagement. However, when they were exclusive or became the site of
conflict and violence, they could undermine social harmony and democratic
participation. Ancient
public places were often located at the center of a city or town,
and were easily accessible to the public. They were designed to
accommodate large gatherings of people for various purposes such as religious
ceremonies, political assemblies, markets, entertainment events and often had
symbolic value, representing the power and prestige of the ruling class or a
particular religious institution. Ancient public open spaces were sometimes
designed with symbolic elements that reflected the values and beliefs of the
society. For example, the ancient Greeks often used statues and monuments to
honor their gods, heroes, and important historical figures. They were also
equipped with infrastructure such as seating and water sources. Ancient public
open spaces served a variety of purposes and were designed with different
approaches depending on the culture and time period.
However, they often reflected the values and priorities of the society that
built and used them, and they continue to influence urban design and planning
today. Figure 3
6. Conclusion Public
places often played an important role in the cultural life of ancient
societies. They were venues for festivals, games, and religious ceremonies, and
they also served as centers for education and intellectual discourse Today,
many ancient public spaces continue to serve as important cultural and
historical landmarks, attracting visitors from around the world who come to
learn about the people and civilizations of the past. Ancient
public places were often designed to serve multiple functions. Public
places were important for fostering social cohesion and community identity.
They provided a space where people could come together to share experiences,
exchange ideas, and build relationships with others. Social
interaction:
Ancient public spaces were designed to encourage social interaction and
exchange of ideas. People gathered there to buy and sell goods, discuss
politics and religion, and participate in cultural events. Today, we can use
this knowledge to design public spaces that foster social interaction and
community building. Urban
design: Ancient
public spaces were often designed with a clear purpose and function. For
example, marketplaces were designed for commerce, while forums were designed
for public discourse. Today, we can use this knowledge to design public spaces
that are purposeful and serve the needs of the community. Sustainability: Ancient public spaces were often
built to last and were designed with natural materials and methods that were
environmentally sustainable. Today, we can learn from these practices to create
public spaces that are environmentally sustainable and resilient. Cultural
identity: Ancient
public spaces were often a reflection of the cultural identity and values of
the community. Today, we can use this knowledge to design public spaces that
reflect and celebrate the diversity of cultures and communities. The
role of public art:
Many ancient public spaces featured sculptures, paintings, and other works of
art. These pieces were often used to convey important messages or to celebrate
cultural achievements. The
importance of community: Ancient public spaces were central gathering places for people to meet,
socialize, and exchange goods and ideas. These spaces fostered a sense of
community and belonging, which is still important today. Finally,
ancient public spaces can teach us about the importance of public participation
in governance. Many ancient societies held public meetings and debates in these
spaces, providing a forum for citizens to voice their opinions and influence
political decision-making. This is a valuable lesson that we can apply to our
own democratic systems today, as we work to create more inclusive and
participatory forms of governance. Overall, learning from ancient public spaces can provide valuable insights into how to create public spaces that are socially, culturally, and environmentally sustainable, and that serve the needs of the community.
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